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'An exercise of cognition to Law, knowledge to Criminal umpire The abstract of forcible, chemical substance and biological yard forensic Medicine deals with plagues involving a military personnel corpse (Murder, rape, assault) rhetorical science enables us to reconstruct the past sequence of levenl(p)ts. forensic science flush toilet link a suspect to a crime scene. Examples of forensic examines ar: Fibers (clothes, carpet) Hair line If newspaper publisher Shoe print Paint forensic secern cig artte distinguish been shoot and suicide. Locator Exchange Principle by deduction.Edmond Locator â€Å"Wherever he steps, some(prenominal) he touches, whatever he leaves, even unconsciously, will serve as a silent witness against him. Not only if his fingerprints or footprints, barely his hair, the lineaments from his clothes, the glass he breaks, the tool mark he leaves, the pigment he scratches, the occupation or seminal fluid he deposits or collects. All of these and more, control mute witness against him. This is evidence that does non forget. It is not confused by the ignition of the moment. It is not absent because human witnesses ar. It is literal evidence. Physical evidence do-nothingnot be wrong, it elicitnot perjure itself, it groundworknot be wholly absent.Only human ill to find it, field of battle and understand it, butt diminish its value. Every Contact leaves a Trace Case Study: freebooter severed a finger on razor wire part happy chance into a builders yard was caught by patrol when he went to hospital for treatment. Earliest forensics science lab in US is in Austria, LISA in LAP. Singapore forensic lab is stripe up in 1960 by Proof Chaos Tweeze Change, now take apart of HAS. In a Forensic Science Lab, you hatful find: . Physical Science Licit a. Identification and comparison of evidence b. Chemical tests c. spectrometry d. Microscopy Drugs, glass, paint, explosives, soil… E. 2.Biology unit of measurement a. Hair b. Plants 3. deoxyribonucleic acid Lab DNA psychoanalysis a. 4. slices Unit a. Guns b. Bullets c. Cartridge cases . Firearm damage 5. Documents Unit a. Handwriting b. printing Paper d. Ink 6. Photo interprety genie a. Record of evidence b. Presentation Toxicology †drugs and poisons in tree trunk fluids and organs Latent Fingerprints †victimisation chemical means to making them gross Polygraph †or lie detector Vectoring -? analysis of voices Psychiatric Profiling -? What can we pronounce about the criminal from the way they make the crime Computer Forensics and Electronic Forensics -? What can be learnt from deleted data?How can new(prenominal) electronic trails be followed? Forensic engineer †Examine the engine emerging aspects of a building or object Forensic entomology †Using worms to provide info Forensic Geology †Soil analysis on mineral sate and chemistry. Soil in different countries afford exclusiveistic patch. This com position helps to narrow down to a role Of the world. Forensic Anthropology †Examination of careworn eubstance Facial Reconstruction †If you have the skull, can you tell what the face looks analogous?Forensic Demonology †using teeth to provide teaching such as identification of victims remains or criminal Identification: physical objects Biological properties Chemical properties/constituents We collect as legion(predicate) evidence as we can on scene. These evidences have variance characteristics that can put an object in a certain class or host like brand of shoe, type of fiber or type of bullet. Individualizing: Narrowing the class to one, Attaining more information from evidences from a crime scene.Physical objects: Manufacturer, serial go, fingerprints Chemicals: Trace elements and impurities Biological strains: Blood type and DNA analysis then we do comparison and associate the evidence to the crime scene and the criminal. After which, reconstructio n to understand the sequence of past events and Re-enactment Chapter 2: Spectroscopy and the Structure of members divisions ar the raw material materials consisting of 93 born(p) basics and many more artificial ones. Elements can uncomplete be created nor undoed.Paper Cellulose consists of C, H, O CA one C Dioxide CA and Water H2O compassionate Body consists of C, H, O, N, P, S, Ca, An, K, Fee… DDCD, H2O, N oxides, P oxides, S oxides, Ca oxides or hydroxides… teeth obtains Au or Hag C] Au or Hag oxides abridgment: Which elements are grant? E. G. Suspected lead or mercury poisoning but are these metals present in the body heedless of their chemical form? Toxicology. E. G. pastime analysis. How very oft of these elements were present in the Poltroon cram? succession of Death. What is it made of? How can we come in the elements present in an object? the great unwashed composition (what is it mostly made of? )e. G. Bullets are mostly lead. Trace impuriti es (what is a petty part of it made or? ) e. G. Bullets have silver and antimony Chemical tests can be done to identify these elements and chemical tests have the following characteristics: Large tot ups Of sample is needed Destructive Subjected to interference card-playing process Easy to do simplistic equipment White light consists of all colors. In the early 19th century, black bands discover in the solar spectrum. Different spectroscopic technical schoolniques use different frequencies of light.The different frequencies of light interact differently with the molecules. Structure of Atom: Tiny, dense, positively charged spunk called sum where nearly all mass is surd with electrons circulating at some distance. Founded by Ernest Rutherford. Nielsen Boor found that electrons are circumscribe to specific strength levels, therefore atoms dont destroy themselves ascribable to electrostatic attraction. Electrons can stand to soaringer(prenominal) null levels by rivetin g energy. Electrons can release energy when they slump to a scorn level. The frequency of the electro magnetized radiation emitted or absorbed is relative to LEE DeBroglie equation: E = HP (Constant x frequency of electrons) engrossment Spectroscopy is when electron jump to higher energy levels, energy IS absorbed. A sway in graph for short interval of clock. emanation Spectroscopy is when electron drops to lower energy levels, energy is given out. A acutely spike in graph. Flame tests for metals: if a metal salt is introduced to a fervour, a characteristic color is produced. skill of the flame excites electrons in the atoms and light is emitted as the atoms drop defend to ground state. Sodium: orange tree Barium & Copper: Green calcium & Lithium: Red Potassium: LilacAtomic Absorption Spectrometer (AS): Advantages: Fast Specific tippy Small sample size Disadvantages: Element by element Neutron Activation synopsis (*ANA) Non-destructive but needs a atomic reac tor Changes the nature of element individually emitted gamma ray is at dif. Energy level. Microscopy Scanning Electron Microscope †Energy diffusive X-ray fluorescence (SEEM- DEG)* Non-destructive analysis looking at core electrons Use the electron glisten of the microscope to eject core electrons Ejecting a core electron creates a vacancy. When a higher energy electron drops to fill vacancy, a characteristic X-ray is emittedCASE contract: Napoleon. outline of hair samples by Neutron Activation Analysis shows arsenic. Paint used for one of Napoleons wallpaper is Chisels Green which consists of strapper arsenate. SEEM-DEG shows presence of arsenic. When copper arsenate reacts with mold, arsenic gas is produced. CASE STUDY: Kennedy Assassination 22nd Novo 1 963 Analysis of bullets fragments by Neutron Activation Analysis (ANA) shows the content of Antimony and Silver. You are What You Eat! clappers consists of calcium phosphate in a protein matrix. Calcium is derived from the diet.. Other metals may overly be incorpo gaitd if they are present in diet.Relative abundance of trace elements in grind away can indicate geographical origin: Strontium, copper and lead. Chapter 3: Time Of Death Alger Morris: After end, muscles relax, body is stay and arises to cool down. The ordinate at which body temperature cools depends on size of body, location, clothing, weather. Different split of the body cools at different rates. E. G. thought cools faster than liver. General rule is -1 to 1. Degrees Fahrenheit(postnominal) However, note that the body may start to warm up by and by 2 days receivable to start of degeneracy Rigor Morris: Lactic acid in the muscles causes tension up to 36 hours laterwardswards death E. . Jaws (errs), arms (4-errs), legs(8-1 Oh RSI), whole body (10-rush) Liver Morris (Color of the body): Also known as Postmortem lividly: the black and sober disconsolation of the skin of a cadaver, resulting from an accumulation of degenera ted blood in subcutaneous vessels. Hypothesis: deplorable or stagnant circulation in a dependent part of the body or an organ. Settling of red blood cells due to gravity (post mortem lividly, hypothesis 0-ours) Disconsolation in lower parts. Parts on the ground not affected due to compression of capillaries (contact flattening) *Has the body been moved?If a body has been moved, he calculation of the body may not give the correct approximation of the era of death. *Take note that CO poisoning has similar symptoms as Liver Morris, CO poisoning results in cherry sound calculation due to the carbon monoxide-hemoglobin Byzantine Physiological Changes in the body after Death. The average core temperature of a body is 9. Degree Fahrenheit. Postmortem interval = 99. 6/1. 5 (general rule). Other indicators that can prefigure the time of death are: kit levels in ocular fluid (vitreous humor) which ontogenesis after death Stomach and intestine contents (time of last meal).A stomach em pties its contents in about 2 hours. determine at other objects such as watches or mobile phone records and CATV. depravity This is the process when your micro-organisms start to eat you after death. This produces gases and characteristic smells. The rate of putrefaction depends severely on local factors such as temperature and also drug use. Forensic Entomology (Using insects) Insects can arrive and lay orchis as early as minis after death. In order to estimate the time of death, the species, life cycle, local conditions of that particular insect must be known. Live maggots are collected from the corpse and rear until adulthood.After which, back calculate age and determine pieces. nasal Remains A forensic pathologist or anthropologist will use astrology, the study of bones, to find out as much as possible about the identicalness of a skeleton or assembling of bones. just abouttimes they rely on skeletal radiology, the study of bones by x rays or fluorescence (light-emissio n) to help make the identification. No fluorescence indicates that the skeletal remains is 1 00 old age old or more. FUN analysis As time passes, the organic components of bone (mostly fats and proteins) are lost primarily through bacterial action.Since these components contain nitrogen, there is a progressive loss of that element. At the alike time, percolating ground water deposits trace amounts of fluorine and other elements, such as uranium, into the bone. wad nitrogen content decreases with age (proteins breakdown). get up fluoride and uranium increases with age. Fresh bones should contain 4% of nitrogen and 0% fluoride and uranium. Therefore, FUN analysis is useful for comparing samples from the equal burial grounds/sites. Carbon-14 Dating The natural amount of ICC, a radioactive isotope organize in atmosphere by cosmic rays, is constant and living things have this similarity of ICC.Radioactive atoms decay at a predicable rate and only half of the atoms will eve decayed in arrears. Hence touchstone the amount of ICC allows estimation of time of death through back calculation. This method is not accurate for Components can be find as they get to the end. Movement is due to the flow of a liquid or gas (mobile phase). Thin Layer Chromatography (TTL) dark-skinned compounds are macroscopical to the eye while others can be made visible through chemical staining or UP light. TTL is a presumptive test, it is unable(p) to distinguish all the different compounds in the sample and only provides 2 answers: NO or MAYBE. accelerator pedal Chromatography (GO) GO can only be used if the unheard-of quantity sample passes TTL. GO depends on the rate of which the compound moves at different temperatures. GO is still not accurate enough.High process Liquid Chromatography (HAPLY) HAPLY is similar to GO, but uses a liquid mobile phase. The graph result of HAPLY has very perspicacious and narrow peaks which are highly distinguishable to determine the differen t compounds in an unknown sample accurately. HAPLY GO For two methods: Efficient, highly selective and widely relevant Only a small amount of sample is needed Non-destructive to the sample quickly adapted to quantitative analysis Has high resolution Advantages of HAPLY: Can suit non-volatile and thermally unstable samples Advantages of GO: naive and inexpensive equipment Rapid process How do we tell what compound is it?By comparison of chromatography of authentic samples By spectrographic analysis By spectrometry Infra-red Spectroscopy Based on molecular vibrations (stretching and bending of chemical bonds) stretchiness frequency depends on masses complicated and stiffness of the bond The graph of infra-red spectroscopy has 2 parts, before 1 ergocalciferol range consider and after 1500 wave number Before 1500-6000 wave number shows the characteristics Of the class of compounds, but not Of individual compound After 1500 †600 wave number shows Characteristic of individu al compound like a molecular fingerprint raft Spectrometry Measures the molecular weight of the sample. . ideal is introduced into a vacuum box 2. take in is bombarded with electrons, leaving only positively-charged ions 3. Ions are speed by high voltages (100 †1 0,VIVO), ions is deflected into magnetic field to detectors, measuring the mass of the molecule. * receipt how to calculate molecular weight Some molecules will break up in the spectrometer known as Fragmentation. Gas Chromatography †Mass Spectrometry (GO-MS) Another hyphenated tech unique.\r\n'