Convergence-towards-ifrs-in-malaysia-issues-challenges-and-opportunities Essay Example for Free

Convergence-towards-ifrs-in-malaysia-issues-ch onlyenges-and-opportunities EssayIn the socio-economic class 2008 the then Malayan Accounting Standard Boards (MASB) chairman, Dato Zainal Abidin Putih, announced that Malaysia testament be overlap with International Accounting Standard Board (IASB)s International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS). From that time period onwards m each initiatives were lined up by MASB and the Malayan Institute of Accountants (MIA) in order to educate, contract and inform all the relevant stakeholders in tandem with fast approaching deadline to converge, which is for the earliest year-end monetary reporting date, 31 celestial latitude 2012. On 19 November 2011, MASB issued the third be example to be follow through in Malaysia and this new accounting framework that is IFRS-compliant is dubbed as Malayan Financial Reporting Standards framework (MFRS). The outcome of MRFS is vital to show and prove the Malaysian commitment and also it beco mes a solid guideline for all entities that be administered by Securities anxiety of Malaysia and the overlap begin on or subsequently 1 January 2012.Historically, Malaysian accounting standards befool always closely followed the former International Accounting Standards (IAS) and the current IFRS. This is due to the village effect on Malaysia, where Malaysia was a British colony up to the year 1957 and many of the accounting standards apply in the United Kingdom has always made its way to be dealed by the Malaysian standard setters authorities and regulators.As Mohammad Faiz Azmi tell in forums that the Malaysian story of product has been a soft and steady approach and this phased-in approach even though slower is expected to put Malaysian entities in a better position as the problems and challenges faced by Malaysian companies atomic number 18 far more than reduced compargond to other countries that adopted the big bang approach, for example the South Koreans, where th e accounting standard setters and regulators in South Korea agreed on full adoption of IFRS (Nazatul Izma, 2009 Suh, 2011) ACCOUNTING FRAMEWORKS IN MALAYSIACurrently Malaysian entities argon subject to three sets of accounting frameworks, the first accounting framework is the old Financial Reporting Standards framework (FRS), next is the offstage Entity Reporting Standards framework (PERS) and finally the Malaysian Financial Reporting Standards framework (MFRS). every last(predicate) these three frameworks are legally approved frameworks by MASB and can be applied by entities in Malaysia further subject to the type of entity. The three types of frameworks are outlined and discussed below.MFRS framework is to be applied by all entities other than private entities for annual periods beginning on or aft(prenominal) 1 January 2012. Private entities are private companies which are incorporated under the Companies Act 1965, that are not itself needed to relieve oneself or lodge any fiscal statements under any law administered by the Securities Commission Malaysia or Bank Negara Malaysia. Private entities are also not subsidiaries or associates of or jointly controlled by an entity which is engaged to prepare or lodge any financial statements under any law administered by the securities Commission Malaysia or Bank Negara Malaysia.However Transitioning Entities are excluded from applying MFRS and these Transitioning Entities are entities that are in the scope of MFRS 141 for Agriculture (equivalent to IAS 41) and IC Interpretation 15 for Agreement for Construction of Real Estate, (equivalent to International Financial Reporting Interpretations delegation (IFRIC) 15) including its parent, significant investor and venture. These Transitioning Entities have an option to either apply the MFRS framework or the old FRS framework, but this leeway is only leave behinded for one year, as these Transitioning Entities need to apply the MFRS framework byPage 43 Internat ional Journal of Business, Economics and Law, Vol. 1 ISSN 2289-1552 2012 annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2013 at the latest (Nazatul Izma, 2009 KPMG, 2011 Accountants Today 2012 Ganespathy, 2012 Jebaratnam, 2012). PERS framework is to be applied only by private entities but these private entities have an option to apply MFRS framework for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2012.If the private entities choose to apply MFRS framework and these entities are in the scope of MFRS 141 for Agriculture (equivalent to IAS 41) and IC Interpretation 15 for Agreement for Construction of Real Estate, (equivalent to IFRIC 15), therefore known as Transitioning Entities, they have the choice to either apply MFRS framework or FRS framework, but these freedom is applic subject up to 31 December 2012, as these entities need to revert to MFRS framework for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2013 (Accountants Today, 2012Jebaratnam, 2012). FRS framework which is the Malaysian version of IAS, which has been the main accounting standards framework for nonprivate entities in advance the introduction of MFRS framework can be applied only by Transitioning Entities, but as stated earlier, such entities need to revert to MFRS framework for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2013 (Accountants Today, 2012 Jebaratnam, 2012) ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN FULL ADOPTION OF IFRS IN MALAYSIAMFRS 1 covers issues pertaining to First-Time Adoption of Malaysian Financial Reporting Standards and the variety date stated in MFRS 1 is the beginning of the earliest period for which an entity presents a full comparative information under MFRSs in its first MFRS establish statements. Following the requirement of MFRS 1, MFRS 101 on demonstration of Financial Statements requires reporting entities to present three Statements of Financial Position and two Statement of Comprehensive Income, Statements of Changes in Equity and Statement of Cash Flows each.MFRS a lso dictates that entities need to present statement of financial position as at the beginning of the comparative financial year, therefore reporting entities requires their financial statements to be prepared ground on the requirement of MFRS from the financial year beginning on and after 1 January 2010, or other be very cautious to make retrospective restatements and/or reclassify items in all the financial statements and notes to accounts and the transition date would be on or after 1 January 2011.The expectation is that the entities are able to present MFRS compliant financial statements come the year-end financial reporting on 31 December 2012, which may become an issue, if these entities are not MFRS ready (Accountants Today, 2012).Another challenge for full adoption of IFRS in Malaysia is that under MFRS 1, whenever the cost of watching with MFRS exceeds the benefits to the users of financial statements and also if retrospective application would mean that judgement by man agement of a known transaction is required, IASB would grant exemptions and therefore this would create unlevel playing field amongst non-private entities in Malaysia that are supposed to apply MFRS framework as the criterion for full-adoption.To ensure that the reporting entities in Malaysia are MFRS compliant, these entities should make a comprehensive, thorough and detailed examination of the readiness of their entity in becoming MFRS compliance to avoid any investigation by the authority due to non-compliance after the grace period for full adoption is over.If Malaysia ends up trimming its MFRS as a convergence framework that can be adapted to fit the local conditions and not a one size fits all set of standards, because a full adoption forces countries to retire from their sovereignty, then Malaysia will have serious issues and will face difficulties to be endorsed as a expanse that compliances to full IFRS adoption (Nazatul Izma, 2009). But as it is evident, MFRS 141 and I C 15 for Transitioning Entities is an exception given to such entities to comply to full IFRS adoption by reverting to MFRS framework for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2013.Even though the IAS 41 assumption that fair value can be careful for biological assets was an issue, but this sort of issues should be communicated clearly to the practitioners and this is where the education and training of the practitioners is key for a productive full adoption of IFRS. For example MFRS 141 (IAS 41) disagreement with IASB need to be entirely made clear to the Malaysian practitioners, as IASB currently have agreed to recognise palm oil tree as a non current asset and not as an inventory (Nazatul Izma, 2009).One of the closely common perceived advantages of convergence to IFRS is the possibility of increased foreign direct investment (FDI) (Gardiner, 2000 Christiansen, 2002), but as of 2010, report on the most attractive FDI destinations, the worlds highest FDI receivers are C hina, United States of America and India, of which none have converged to IFRS. Therefore, the notion that IFRS convergence will attract FDI is not valid, and this so called advantage cannot be applied to entice countries to adopt IFRS for financial reporting of their entities.IFRSs for SME is another reason to ponder on the real plausibility of full adoption of IFRS. If MASB chooses to adopt IFRS for SMEs to replace PERS, than we will have another version of diluted IFRS as a framework indoors the Malaysia accounting scenario. Dr Paul Pacter, the board member and chairman of the SME implementation group, mentioned that slightly topics in the IFRS were omitted from the IFRS for SMEs, due to its irrelevance and also due to the fact that the diluted version will be a simpler option for the SMEs to apply (Nazatul Izma, 2010).The IFRS for SMEs were simplified on the recognition and measurement and the disclosures were also reduced. Brian Blood, the Chief Executive of Confederation of Asian and peace-loving Accountants (CAPA) mentioned that the IFRS for SMEs were developed to assist SMEs to prepare and present high quality and timely financial statements and information. Other benefits of SMEs applying the IFRS for SMEs are that the financial reporting is done in a consistent manner and not too high-ticket(prenominal) to prepare (Nazatul Izma, 2010).Having said all that, the fact is that there is a different set of IFRS for SMEs, therefore, it does not allow for full adoption, but maybe just a mere convergence. James Sylph, the executive director, Professional Standards and extraneous Relations of International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) in a forum in 2012, strongly advocated that national accounting standard setters authorities and regulators should move away from the mere concept of convergence to a more hidden notion of full-adoption. Page 44 International Journal of Business, Economics and Law, Vol. 1 ISSN 2289-1552 2012Mohammad Faiz Azmi, MASB chair man, indicated that Malaysia will not require the IFRS for SMEs to avoid an underconverged version used by SMEs due to the lack of human resources to implement new IFRS based regulations therefore MASB is still uncertain about how exactly they should deal with the issue related to SME and IFRS (Nazatul Izma, 2010) MASB together with MIA will have to look into the issue of the readiness of the Malaysian education system to deliver enough educate accountants that are IFRS savvy, as a full IFRS adoption can be burden few and the human gravid need to be created to fulfill this need.Mohammad Faiz Azmi mentioned that MASB is working with enforcers to amend the Financial Reporting Act (1997) to allow qualification amendments to accounting standards in Malaysia if there are any substantial issues that MASB disagrees with IASB (Nazatul Izma, 2009). This again will give some space for MASB for not to adopt the full adoption of IFRS as there will be some possible avenue to make changes in t he IFRS provided by IASB.Companies Act 1965 and Financial reporting Act 1997 are the two most important acts pertaining financial statements reporting in Malaysia. The directors are supposed to be obligated for the preparation and presentation of a true and fair set of financial statements of reporting entities and these directors should be sensitive and be sure that their entities are IFRS ready.

Principles and Practices of Management Behaviour

Principles and Practices of Management BehaviourAn autocratic manager applys decisions without the consultation of others workers, rather dower as a dictator type in communicating orders beca utilise they like to be in work of situations.This dash of commission guides to work getting d peerless on time beca physical exercise there argon less(prenominal) people implicate in the decision making turn. The problem with this style is that the staffs be going to ultimately lost motivation to work.Paternalistic is a drawing cardship style which is quite dictatorial, decisions argon taken in the best interests of the workers. This style is kn ingest as consultative counselling.This process spate take a office longer as there are more than voices to be heard. The other side of this style of attention and leadership is that workers may feel that you do not value their opinion or are besides rigid if after exclusively of the feedback is received you go off and make the decision in your own without incorporating of their feedback.Democratic leadership implicates running a business on the basis on the majority of decisions.A democratic manager is willing to share work with the staff by relegate it to get the assembly line done. Staffs love this type of management style in business beca uptake they feel involved and part of the process. In democratic style the job actualizeance is probably to be better than in an autocratic setting. This style has close links with McGregors theory X and Y.All this styles cast advantages and disadvantages such asAutocratic styles advantages supple decision making, effective when employing many low adept workers disadvantages no two- personal manner chatPaternalistic styles advantages more two-way communication so motivating, workers feel their social needs are being met disadvantages slow put down decision making, still quite a dictatorial style.Democratic style advantages useful when complex decisions are required that needs specialist skills disadvantages mistakes or errors can be made if workers are not skilled enough.According to Chemers M.(1997) in his book An integrative theory of leadership, Leadership has been described as a process of social enamor in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a cat valium emerged.Leadership is composing a gathering of people to reach common goals.Leadership is important because help to maximise efficiently an ecesis and also help the organisation to achieve the goals.Leadership characteristics areProactive vs. reactive (a leader is always thinking leash steps ahead). fictile/Adaptable (a beneficial leader will line up to new surrounding and situations, doing his/her best to adjust).A good communicatorRespectful (treating others with respect will ultimately earn respect).Quiet confidenceEnthusiastic (when a leader is motivated and excited about the cause people will be more inclined to follow). broad-minded (a leader work to consider all options when making decisions).Resourceful (a leader essential to create access to randomness).Rewarding (an exceptional leader will recognize the efforts of others and rein great power those actions).Well educated (knowledge is power).Open to modify (a leader will take into account all points of view and will be willing to limiting a policy, program, cultural tradition).Interested in feedback (view feedback as a gift to improve)Evaluative (evaluation of events and programs is essential for n organisations to improve or progress).A strong teamTheory X and Y was write by Douglas McGregorsTheory X leaders believe thatPeople should be controlled and directed and punished, if necessary, to put them in a real effort at workthe workers want to avoid responsibility and has little ambition just about of the workers dislike workTheory Y leaders believe thatworking is as natural as play or rest for the average workersworkers seek responsibilitymost of emplo yees have creativity and visual sense which may be helpful for organisations to achieve their goalsThe Hertzberg hygiene factors are supervision, company policy, alliance with supervisor, relationship with peers, and relationship with subordinates, in the flesh(predicate) life working conditions, status, and security.Evaluate communication processes in selected businessesCommunication is the activity of transfer information through the ex budge of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, visuals, signals, writing, or behaviour.Communication is transmitting of information from one person to another. The importance of effective communication is immense in the world of business and in personal life. The communication process begins with the sender and ends with the receiver. The perfect guide toward achieving effective communication is the process of communication nigh of us spend about 75 per cent of our hours awake communicating our knowledge, thoughts, and ideas to other s people.Verbal communication refers to the use of sounds and language to relay a message. Effective verbal communication is dependent on number of factors and cannot be fully isolated from other important interpersonal skills such as non-verbal communication, listening skills and clarification.Non-verbal communication includes seventh cranial nerve expression, eye contact, expression of voice, body posture and motions, positioning within classifys. It may also include the way we wear our clothes or the silence we keep.Porters division of non-verbal communicationPhysical (this is the personal type of communication) aesthetical (this is the type of communication that takes place through creative expressions)Signs (this is the mechanical type of communication)Symbolic (type of communication that makes use of religious, status)Static features of non-verbal communicationDistanceOrientation (side to side, face to face)Posture (standing, seating, legs crossed)Physical contact (touching , holding and shiver hands)Dynamic features of non-verbal communicationFacial expressions (smile, raised eyebrow)Gestures (hand movement)Looking (eye contact)Communication styles rational, emotive and intuitiveRational communication focuses on objective information data, encourages listening carefully to the ideas and focuses on facts and information, this communication is less comfortable with tactile sensation discussions, in this types of communication prefers to take turns when talking, and there is less variation in tone or gestures. emotional communication focuses on feelings and tends to be more people oriented and passionate, wide variation in tone and gesture, this type of communication can be interrupt while others are speaking, the same there are feelings in voice and regardless of volume, the decisions are announced in terms of how they will affect people. a priori communication is focuses on knowing that comes from experience, decisions are announced without justifica tion, increased experience can lead to more rapid decision making.Communication styles change, depending on the situation and our goals and each of the communication style is used at some point in our lives.We can define top-down communication such as a method of issuing commands or orders within a business using a hierarchical building.top-down communication affords a companys managerial construction to control the information and protect that each employment direct has necessary information to get done the toils. The disadvantage of this communication is the risk of orders getting lost in translation this can cause trouble in a companys project development.We can define furnish up communication such as trebuie sa caut informatieFormal communication is used in professional setting, in this types of communication slang is not use, pronounce of words is correctly.In informal communication we can use slang, can be used short version of words, this type of communication is used wi th friends and family.Analyse organisational burnish and change in selected businessesOrganisational acculturation mains the personality of the organisation, the way the things are done .Organisational culture refers to the fundamental values, beliefs and codes of form that make a business. Culture according to Schein is A pattern of shared basic assumptions that a group learns as it solves problems.Culture organisation have an important role, the organisation that have strong cultures are surefooted of increasing revenue, profitability and shareholder value. The same organisation with strong culture finds it easy to change and adapt to market demands.Organisational culture is a focus on culture and process with specific encouragement of quislingism between leaders and members. It is a focus on the human and social side of the origination.Culture has three levelsThe artefacts (behaviour of group members)Espoused values (how deal with issues and problems)Basic underlying assumpt ionsTypes of organisational culture are power culture, role culture, task culture and person culture.Power culture depends on central force and a beam of influence from the central figure throughout the organisation, small entrepreneurial organisations.Role culture bureaucracy and works by logic and rationality, role is more important than individual, position is the main source of power. exemple tb sa cautTask culture job and project oriented organisation personalized culture, the individual is in the central focus, when a group of people decide that it is in their own interests to band together.For organisations that manage change effectively, change itself becomes the driving force that leads to future success and growth (Hamlin, Keep and Mullins and Christy,2011). kind is an inevitable and constant feature, an organisation can perform effectively only through interactions with the broader external environmental of which it is part.Factors that influence change in culture are suc h asEconomic conditionsGovernment interventionsPolitical interestsDevelopment in technologyGlobalisationformer(a) forces of change could beDemand for high quality goodsCustomer serviceWorkforce changing spiritThe main pressure of change is from external forces. Planned change represents an international attempt to improve of the organisation.The objectives of change areImproving the ability of the organisationModifying the behavioural patterns of members of the organisationsa mai caut informative sau sa ma uit la handoutsOrganisational structure is a framework of order and command through which the activities of the organisation can be planned, directed and controlled. The structure defines tasks and responsibilities. bodily structure is important to any kind of organisation.The objectives of structure are the economic and efficient effect, monitoring the activities, flexibility in order to respond to future demands.There are three types of organisational structureTall hierarchic al( large organisation tend to have this type of structure, a tall structure have many different levels of employees all reporting at the top to team leaders and then up to operational management, also have a wide chain of command with narrow set of control.Disadvantage of this type of organisational structure can often lead to slower communication channels and decision-making.Flat hierarchical (is an organisational structure that has fewer layers of management and wider spans of control, this types of structure of organisation gives workers more responsibility for decision-making, and the also we have more motivated workforce. Advantage of this structure is that the business to change rapidly to respond to the market.)Matrix (is the combination of the flat structure with tall structure for the business in order to meet its goals. Matrix structure often is used for specific project). salmagundi management is the set of tools, skills and the processes for managing the people leading to achieve the goals of organisation.LO2 Be able to review own potential difference as a prospective manager2.1 Assess own management skills performanceFor managers to be effective, they must have good management skills. The management skills will ensure that he/she can effectively direct, guide, and delegate.The management skills pyramidLevel 1-this level is basic management skills and includes planning, organizing, directing and controlling.Level 2-build on training and couching, motivational, and employee thing skills.Level 3-are more complex, developing management career and provides opportunities to advance.Most important management skills are fox management skills (ability to plan, organize, budget and manage the resources)Time management skills (control of most valuable resource, delegate tasks in stripped-down time, creating schedules for day/week/month, allocating time according to the task at hand)Conflict management skills (skills to resolve the issue, negotiating and mediating)Self-management skills (ability to make decisions as needed, goals setting, prioritize, self-evaluation, self-motivation, positive attitude)Team management skills (delegate to your team, motivate your team, develop your team, communicate with team)Stress management skills (monitoring performance and behaviour, incorporating effective time management to prevent stress, motivation)People management skills (listening, be motivating and inspiring, handle passage of arms situations, ask questions that are insightful)Office management skills (storage data, monitor and evaluate the work process, accounting and marketing, budget development)Change management skills (talking to people, being real, be passionate, monitoring progress, critical thinking)The guide line for an effective CV isPersonal details name, address, telephone number, email address, date of birth, nationalityPersonal statement, a two-three sentence overview with exceptional qualities and future plans list skills and abilitiesWork experience with reverse chronological order(date, organisation name, responsibilities, achievements)Education with reverse chronological order( date, institution, achievements)Hobbies and interests

Reactions to The Birth of a Nation

Reactions to The kindred of a democracyMohammad A. MianThe Emergence of Modern AmericaIt can be argued that no opposite moving turn in in American history has been as controversial as D.W. Griffiths silent epic take, The return of a Nation. The support of a Nation, which first premiered on February 8th, 1915, and was based on Thomas Dixons raw and play The Clansmen.1 The picture show is set in the American Civil War and the period of Reconstruction during the nineteenth century, and chronicles the lives of two families, the Stonemans and the Camerons.2 The Stonemans ar an abolitionist Unionist family from the North, whereas the Camerons atomic number 18 a southboundern family loyal to the Confederate puzzle during the American Civil War.3 Throughout The Birth of a Nation, African Americans are portrayed as be savages, violent thugs, sexual predators, ill mannered brutes, and b entirelyot stuffers. For this reason, despite the scuds positive reception among the Americ an customary and news outlets at the date of its release The Birth of a Nation received a controvert response from African Americans and the National Association for the promotion of Colored slew, both of which take issueed against the films premiere across American cities. Despite the criticism, the film was underpined by versatile news outlets and Griffith himself. Many contemporary film critics and historians regard The Birth of a Nation as Americas first great cinematic feature, despite its controversial portrayal of African Americans.The focal point of The Birth of a Nation are two juxtaposed families, the Stonemans and the Camerons. Members of the Stoneman household are Austin Stoneman, an American legislator and abolitionist, his sons Phil and Todd, and his daughter Elsie.4 The Cameron family consists of Dr. Cameron, a grey physician and staunch Confederate after the eructation of the Civil War, his wife Mrs. Cameron, his two daughters, Margaret and Flora, and his t hree sons, gum benzoin, Wade, and Duke.5 At the beginning of the film, Phil and Todd visiting the Cameron family estate in South Carolina.6 Upon immediately seeing Margaret, Phil falls in love with her, whereas Benjamin is awestruck by a brief of Elsie.7 A few months later, the American Civil War erupts, and the Cameron sons enlist in the Confederate Army, while Phil and Todd go on their loyalty to the Union by joining the army of general Ulysses S. Grant.8 During the war, opaque militiamen attack and ransack the Cameron estate, only the women of the household are saved by a Confederate contingent which routs the militia.9 The portrayal of African American soldiers as brutes and savages strongly correlates with the uninspired portrayal of Blacks the filmmakers envisioned. By the conclusion of the war, Todd, Wade, and Duke are kil conduct in the conflict, while Benjamin is captured and taken to a hospital in Washington D.C.10 At the hospital, Benjamin meets Elsie, with whom he develops a amative consanguinity. The deaths of Todd, Wade, and Duke were emotionally appealed to the films audience, many of whom likely lost relatives in the Civil War. During his stay at the hospital, Benjamin is assured that he is to be executed by hanging due his associations with the Confederate guerillas.11 In order to undertake a pardon for Benjamin, Elsie and Mrs. Stoneman meet with Abraham Lincoln, and both of them manage to lead the chairperson to pardon him.12 After President Lincolns assassination, Austin Stoneman and his fellow republicans impose harsh measures on wealthy White Southerners, such as subvert confiscation, ushering in the Reconstruction period in American history.13Austin Stoneman travels to the South Carolina to oversee the implementation of the reconstructive memory policies of the Republicans.14 He is accompanied by a Mulatto governor, Silas Lynch.15 Lynch is portrayed as having psychotic characteristics, a jet sort of African Americans among White Americans in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.16 In the Southern cities visited by Stoneman and Lynch, African American soldiers are seen harassing Whites, while triumphantly parading on the streets.17 In these p machinationicular scenes, Black militias are portrayed as universe ill mannered and brutish in comparison to the nave and gentle White Southerners.18 During the regional elections, Whites are shown as being barred from voting, whereas African Americans cast binary votes without any issue.19 After the elections, the African Americans who are elected to South Carolinas legislature are portrayed as being ill mannered, as the film in one shimmy again gameylights seeks to portray them as being brutish.20 Laws in favour of African Americans are also enacted, which require Whites to respect Black soldiers in their cities, and mixed marriages are also legalized.21 All of these positionors, culminate in Benjamins founding of the Ku Klux Klan to counter the ever inc reasing power of African Americans in the South.22After Elsie hears about the activities perpetrated by Benjamins organization against African Americans in the South, she abruptly ends their relationship.23 Meanwhile, Bens sister, Flora commits self-destruction after being pursued by Gus, a Black freedman who seeks a romantic relationship with her.24 Gus incontrollable carnal appetencys are meant to portray him as a sexual predator, a common stereotype associated with African American men during the late 1800s and early to mid 1900s.25 After personally witnessing his sisters demise, Benjamin has Gus lynched by his fellow Klan members, and places his corpse in front of Lynchs house.26 Lynch immediately issues orders to suppress the activities of the Klan, and in the process Benjamins father is arrested for being associated with the organization.27 He is, however, ironically rescued by his loyal Black servants with Phil Stonemans aid.28 After hearing of the imprisonment of Mr. Camero n, Elsie attempts to convince Lynch to stop his crackdown on the Klan.29 Lynch refuses and attempts to rape Elsie, but she is saved by Benjamin and other Klan members who also manage to capture Lynch.30 The capture of Lynch by the Klan is meant to emphasize the heroicness of the Ku Klux Klan as defenders of White Americans, and stereotype African Americans as savages. In the following election day, Black voters are stopped from voting by members of the Ku Klux Klan, and Margaret and Phil, and Elsie and Benjamin are married.31 The film concludes with the title Dare we dream of a golden day when the stupid War shall rule no more? But instead the gentle Prince in the Hall of affable Love in the City of Peace.32Following its release in 1915, The Birth of a Nation was praised by American film critics writing for various news outlets during the following few decades, without any mention of the films racial stereotypes of African Americans. One nonable criticism of the film is Seymour Sterns article giveDAY OF A CLASSIC The ordinal Anniversary of Birth of a Nation Recalls Its Significance in The raw(a) York Times, which was promulgated on border district 24th, 1935. Despite their being a twenty-year gap between the films release and Sterns review, he reflected the view Americans had of the film upon its initial release. Stern wroteIt appeared twenty years ago as an unforeseen and unprecedented phenomenon in the old forge movie world of the day. With it the cinema became one stroke of art, and its first masterpiece was acclaimed by the critics. Simultaneously was once and for all delivered from the gaudy dominion of the vaude-ville show, which at the time had a stranglehold upon it-and David Wark Griffith entered into the long and magnificent curb as the kin of directors.33Stern further praised the films impressive photography by statingThe control is so extraordinary from such a variety of important aspects that it is non easy immediately to select any prone one. Griffith introduced a multitude of technical innovations that have since become the part and parcel of filmcraft. Here for the first time he used night photography, self-focus photography, moving tv camera shots, lap dissolves, the split screen and acute camera angles. The low-angle shots of mounted clansmen looming over the frightened Negroes are unforgettable. His subtle use of the iris in this film label the fruition of that device.34From both of these statements, it is evident that Stern had high regard for the film. In fact, he had such high regard for the film that he described it as one which innovated and transformed the entire motion picture industry. Sterns review of the film also showcase the prejudiced White Americans had towards African Americans, as he did not once mention the films controversial portrayal of Blacks as a hindrance to the films visual magnificence.35 Furthermore, Sterns referral to African Americans as Negroes further suggest that he large ly agreed with their portrayal in the film, which is not surprising considering the fact that African Americans continued to be stereotyped in American media until after the Second World War. go Stern had nothing but praise for the film, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People protested against the film, as did African American veterans of the First World War.In the year of and years following The Birth of a Nations release, many African Americans protested against its release in theatres. While the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People opposed the film immediately upon its initial release, they did not take direct court action against it until after the First World War. The NAACP launched its court case against the film in the State of new-fangled York in 1921, and it was cover by The raw York Times in an article titled FOES OF KLAN FIGHT BIRTH OF A race ask Motion Picture Board to negative Revival Here-Griffith and Dixon Defend re nt. The article, published on declination 3rd, 1922, statedDemands that a revival showing of The Birth of a Nation be prohibited in this state as a glorification of the Klu Klux Klan and part of a local drive by Rev. Oscar Haywood to change order membership of the Klan were made yesterday at a hearing before the motion picture commitment of the State of New York by Walter F. White, Assistant Executive Secretary for the Advancement of Colored People enthalpy W. Shields, Senator Elect from the 21st District and Alderman George W. Harris.36The NAACPs protests were carried out against a re concealment of the film in the State of New York in 1921.37 Many of those involved were influential members of the African American community, and they were displeased by their portrayal in the film.38 in the end the protest resulted in a court case against the film, in which D.W. Griffith was also present.39 Unfortunately for the NAACP, the judge of the case ruled in favour of the films screenin g by stating that it did not, in any way, promote the Ku Klux Klan, but rather, was a reflection of post-Civil War America.40 The protests showcased the racial tensions present in the United States during the early 20th century, and they also reflected upon the desire of African Americans to see the film have its theatre permits revoked. For many African Americans, the film added to their negative part among many White Americans, an image which they sought eradicate. To make cases worse, the judicial authorities did not support the pleas of the NAACP. However, ambition to the film existed even before the official involvement of the NAACP, as in may 1921, African American war veterans protested against the films screening in front of the Capitol trace field in New York.41In May 1921, African American veterans of the First World War and their wives protested against the screening of The Birth of a Nation in Capitol playing area in New York. On May 21st, 1921, Negroes Oppose Fil m was published in The New York Times, and it cover these protests. The article reflected the opinions of the war veterans on the film by statingNegro ex-servicemen in uniform, flanked by negro women, gathered in front of the Capital to protest against the revival of The Birth of a Nation. Some of the pickets carried placards which read We equal America in France, why should The Birth of a Nation misrepresent us here? Others distributed circulars published by the Nation Association for the Advancement of Colored People which demanded, Stop the Klu Klux Klan propaganda in New York.42Ultimately, these protests did not result in a victory for the picketers, as five of their organizers were arrested by the police, including three women, although, they would all be released within a few days.43 The failure of the protests demonstrate the lack of regard the American political institution had for African American war veterans and the stereotypical portrayal of their community in the fil m. In fact, D.W. Griffith continued to defend the film, and after the May protests, he was quoted by The New York Times as sayingIt is a fount of regret to me that purely advised people are endeavoring to stir up animosity against The Birth of a Nation. The opposition is misguided, and was misproven and laid away many years ago. The leading villain in the story is a white man, who leads a misguided following into conflicts which do not reflect upon the negro. It there were the slightest ground for protest against the film it seems to me that white men would have claim to it than negroes. I shall be quite willing, however, to submit the matter under oath to the consideration of the court.44Griffiths comments are not surprising considering the popular attitude towards African Americans at the time. However, his assertion that African Americans were not the leading villains in the film has no justifiable ground considering the films stereotypical portrayal of them. It is also interest ing to note that Griffith was open to take the matter to court. Considering the lack of regard American courts had for African Americans at the time, this is also not surprising. The lack of sympathy for African Americans among American courts is further evidenced by lack of intervention by federal courts against the film. For this reason, despite a ban on the film in three states and a few cities upon its initial release in 1915, it seemed that the film would continue to be screened in American theatres due to its popularity among the White populace.45 Indeed, the NAACP continued to protest against the film up to the 1950s, as the film was continuously revived in American theatres.In 1950, picketers rallied against the revival of The Birth of a Nation right(prenominal) the Beverly Theatre at 823 Third Avenue.46 The protesters were upset the controversial film was being screened in the New York once again, despite it being 35 years since its initial release. The President of the NA ACPs branch in New York, Lindsey H. White, led the protests, which was covered by The New York Times article record REVIVAL PROTESTED N.A.A.C.P. Pickets Birth of a Nation at Beverly Theatre.47 According to the articleThe revival of D.W. Griffiths silent-film classic The Birth of a Nation, was protested yesterday by Lindsey H. White, hot seat of the New York branch, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Mr. White stated that the film, now being shown at the Beverly Theatre, 823 Third Avenue, distorts the historical truths of Negro and White in the reconstruction governments that were set up in various at the close of the Civil War. The NAACP has been picketing at the theatre since Saturday.48The article reflects upon the frustration among African Americans to have the films screening in the Beverly Theatre stopped. It also showcases that while it had been three decades since the films release, American attitudes towards the films content largely remained the s ame. Despite this, the popularity of the film had largely filiationd, as Americans became more interested in the Western genre of films in the 1950s and 1960s. With the decline of the film, it has become common knowledge that the film is no longer as popular, nor as widely viewed as it once was since the 1970s. For contemporary film historians from the 1990s onwards, the film is still regarded as one which transformed the American film industry.Perhaps no lines from a contemporary critics review of The Birth of a Nation weaken capture the films legacy on American cinema than these from Molly Haskells article In The Birth of a Nation, The Birth of effective Film in The New York TimesThe defining moment for the motion picture as a mass medium, an art form and a disturbingly powerful social force occurred on a bitterly cold night on March 3, 1915, at the Liberty Theatre in New York. It was the world premiere of D.W. Griffiths The Birth of a Nation, an event of such cultural magnitud e that 80 years later, controversies still rage about the film among film scholars about its racially aerated images.49Throughout her review, Molly praises the film for its ground-breaking innovations, vivid, imagery, and ability to keep an audience engaged, which is remarkable for a film 2 hour and 40 minutes long silent film produced in the early 20th century.50 She is, however, vituperative of the films content, especially its negative portrayal of African Americans, as she does not agree with their stereotypical mannerisms in the film.51 Nevertheless, she concludes her review by stating In Griffiths masterpiece sublimity of expressed was marred by melodramatic racism. Yet The Birth of a Nation, warts and all, form a milestone the movie that catapulted the medium from its 19th-century peep-show origins into its status as the great new art form of the 20th century.52 Thus, it can be said that, while The Birth of a Nation remains a controversial film among, there is no doubt it t ransformed the film industry into a corporate giant.Upon its initial release in 1915, The Birth of a Nation was positively received by the American public and news outlets alike. However, the film was staunchly opposed by Africans Americans for its stereotypical portrayal of their community. Furthermore, the film reflected the tensions which existed between African Americans and White Americans from the late 19th to mid 20th century. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored Peoples was at the forefront of the opposition to the film, and remained so until the 1950s, after which the film declined in popularity. Almost all film historians agree that the film innovated the American film industry. However, they have criticized the film for its discriminatory portrayal of African Americans.BibliographyFilmsGriffith, D.W. The Birth of a Nation. 12 Reel Film. Directed by D.W. Griffith. New York EpochProducing Co., 1915.Primary SourcesDEFENDS carry PRODUCTION Griffith Says He Regrets Complaint Against Birth of a Nation.The New York Times, May 9th, 1921. Accessed March 20th, 2017. look at REVIVAL PROTESTED N.A.A.C.P. Pickets Birth of a Nation at Beverly Theatre. The New York Times, May 19th, 1950. Accessed March 20th, 2017. FOES OF KLAN FIGHT BIRTH OF A NATION Ask Motion Picture Board to Forbid Revival Here-Griffith and Dixon Defend Film. The New York Times, December 3rd, 1922. Accessed March 20th, 2017. NEGRO PICKETS IN COURT Decision Reserved on Protest Against Film The Birth of aNation. The New York Times, May 10th, 1921. Accessed March 21st.NEGROES OPPOSE FILM Ex-Service Men Say Birth of a Nation Misrepresents Them. The New York Times, May 7th, 1921. Accessed March 20th. Haskell, Molly. In The Birth of a Nation, The Birth of Serious Film. The New York Times, November20th, 1995. Accessed March 21st, 2017. Stern, Seymour. BIRTHDAY OF A CLASSIC. The Twentieth Anniversary of Birth of a NationRecalls Its Significance. The New York Times, Mar 24, 1935. Acc essed March 20th, 2017. Secondary SourcesChristensen, Terry. Reel Politics, American Political Movies from Birth of a Nation to Platoon. NewYork Basil Blackwell Inc, 1987.1 D.W. Griffith. The Birth of a Nation. 12 Reel Film. Directed by D.W. Griffith (New York EpochProducing Co., 1915). Film.2 ibid.3 ibidem4 ib.5 D.W. Griffith. The Birth of a Nation. 12 Reel Film. Directed by D.W. Griffith. Film.6 Ibid.7 Ibid.8 Ibid.9 Ibid.10 Ibid.11 Ibid.12 Ibid.13 D.W. Griffith. The Birth of a Nation. 12 Reel Film. Directed by D.W. Griffith. Film.14 Ibid.15 Ibid.16 Ibid.17 Ibid.18 Ibid.19 Ibid.20 Ibid.21 Ibid.22 Ibid.23 D.W. Griffith. The Birth of a Nation. 12 Reel Film. Directed by D.W. Griffith. Film.24 Ibid.25 Ibid.26 Ibid.27 Ibid.28 Ibid.29 Ibid.30 Ibid.31 Ibid.32 Ibid.33 Seymour Stern. BIRTHDAY OF A CLASSIC. The Twentieth Anniversary of Birth of a Nation Recalls Its Significance. (The New York Times, Mar 24, 1935), X4.34 Ibid.35 Seymour Stern. BIRTHDAY OF A CLASSIC. The Twentieth Anniversar y of Birth of a Nation Recalls Its Significance., X4.36 FOES OF KLAN FIGHT BIRTH OF A NATION Ask Motion Picture Board to Forbid Revival Here-Griffith and Dixon Defend Film. (The New York Times, December 3rd, 1922), 29.37 Ibid.38 FOES OF KLAN FIGHT BIRTH OF A NATION Ask Motion Picture Board to Forbid Revival Here-Griffith and Dixon Defend Film., 29.39 Ibid.40 Ibid.41 NEGROES OPPOSE FILM Ex-Service Men Say Birth of a Nation Misrepresents Them. (The New York Times, May 7th, 1921), 8.42 Ibid.43 NEGRO PICKETS IN COURT Decision Reserved on Protest Against Film The Birth of aNation. (The New York Times, May 10th, 1921), 6.44 DEFENDS FILM PRODUCTION Griffith Says He Regrets Compl

Features Of Connected Speech In English English Language Essay

Features Of Connected Speech In side English Language EssayBlurred boundaries, hold appears and flush haggling that argon on the whole sw bothowed up, chewed and mangled watch discussions that force you to listen with all your acquired friendship and a general sense of hopelessness that you are never going to manage this foreign tongue are but the virtually common frustrations expressed by the ESL learners I have taught. L2 users educated in a system that prides in teaching the most precise and appropriate pronunciation leaves them bewildered when they hear English (even snippets of conversation) as spoken by L1 users. They suffer a devastating diminution of phonetic information at the segmental take when they encounter normal idiom (Brown, G.1990, p.60)Connected spoken communication is non a acquainted(predicate) gas to even fluent speaker systems of English in India and so they tend to fully form the words even in informal situations, giving the impression to L1 spe akers and other L2 speakers that, hes so arrogant about it all ( quartz glass and Davy 1975,p.8)In this essay I would analyse the features of committed speech in English, the problems they cause to L2 learners in India. In the first section I will examine the features of attached speech and move onto the challenges they cause to L2 speakers particularly Indian ESL learners. I would also like to analyse my own and the prevailing attitude and practice towards cultivation and teaching connected speech. Finally I would like to identify the criteria that I would apply in deciding the different aspects of connected speech suit qualified to my learning/ teaching environment.Connected speechUnderhill A (1994) defines connected speech as a flow of sounds which are modified by a system of simplifications by which phonemes are connected, grouped and modified This simplification is an unconscious exhibit and most of the L1 speakers are often oblivious(predicate) of this as they practise i t. (Collins B, and I. Mees 2008). The goal of connected speech is to reduce the articulatory perspiration required to hop out the message. however though whole chunks of phonetic details are left out by the L1 speaker to maximise the ease of communication, native listener decodes these messages using the different types of support knowledge in his repertoire.This decline often takes place within words or words in a stream of speech (Dalton C. and B. Seidlhofer, 1994), where word boundaries get blurred. Words flow seamlessly, allowing the L1 speaker to impart use of the stress system to strain the content of the message. In this flow adjacent sounds are modified to resemble each other- Assimilation- sounds are completely left out of words Elision- and certain sounds maybe inserted between the words to fuse the words in concert at boundaries- Linking-.Features of connected speechAssimilationL1 speakers speak at a pace of 350 syllables per minute in formal speeches and 400- 450 words in informal speech. (Crystal.D 1992 1999) When the tongue has to move from one articulating position to another at this pace, only an approximation of the phoneme can be graveld. so all phonemes occurring within a word or in a stream of speech influence one another and adjust with the phonemes of their neighbours (Brown, G.1990). Underhill (1994) summarises preoccupancy as the natural result of the various speech organs cutting corners as they perform their complex season of movementsThough any sound can influence any other sound theoretically assimilation is limited to a few phonemes (Dalton C. and B. Seidlhofer, 1994) Alveolar agreeables /t/, /d/ and /n/ at the end of a word often assimilate to the place of articulation of the consonant at the beginning of the next word (Underhill, 2005, p.60)EGreat Britain/ gretbritn // grepbrtn /Wont come/ wntkm // wnkm /Down by law/ danbal // dambal /Good girl/ gdgl // gggl /ElisionWhen the speech effort is reduced for maximum effici ency, the articulation of individual phonemes gets nervelessened. When these phonemes are minimised markedly they are dropped from connected speech. Elision is the process of dropping a sound (a vowel sound or a consonant), from a word when it is uttered as part of connected speech. RP sounds short and clipped to L2 speakers and speakers of other varieties of English due to elision of the schwa (//) sound. The most commonly elided sounds in English are /t/, /d/ and //. The consonants that are elided almost as much as these are /v/ and ///t/First threefstrifsri termination yearlstjilasji/d/ground pressurerandprerampreBanned for lifeBndflafBmflaf//Chocolatet k lttk ltVegetablev t blv t bl/v/Weve been consideringWivbinknsideriWbnknsideriNeeds of theNidzvNidz//I think that wasaktwzktwzWent the way of theWentwevWentweVowel reductionUnstressed vowels in the stream of speech are shortened and are often centralized to a schwa (//) sound. An unaccented diphthong in a similar setting can l ose the length of the vowel glide or could even be reduced to a monophthong.MustmstmsThereeStrong and weak formsFunction class words in unaccented positions are reduced to their weak forms in connected speech. The degree of reduction depends on the rate of speech delivery the faster the speech, the greater the reduction of vowel sounds.StronWeakAndndnOfvvTottLinkingDalton C. and B. Seidlhofer (1994) describe linking as the here and now of two vowel sounds meeting at a vowel boundary. In such situations an extra sound is inserted to mark the transition between the two vowels.Linking / r/In RP /r/ is not realised in pronunciation except when it is followed by a vowel. In connected speech /r/ is articulated when the sideline word starts with a vowel.Soonersunsooner or latersunrletSuresure enoughrnfIntrusive /r/ many speakers insert a /r/ even when there is no /r/ in the spelling. Intrusive /r/ carries a certain well-disposed stigma and educated L1 speakers often deny having an intru sive /r/ in their connected speech. The presence of intrusive in connected speech is quite frequent among non-rhotic L1 speakers.Ideaadidea of itadrvtIntrusive /w/ and /j/When a word ending in a vowel is followed by another vowel, L1 speakers insert a consonant sound that is nearer to the sound of the first vowel.o outwatI amajamShe isijisCatenationIn connected speech, L1 speakers tend to connect the last consonant sound in a word with the first vowel sound of the next word.Keep outkip atKey poutki patA name nemAn take inn emConnected speech- Teach reception and or Production?Challenges to L2 learners and teachersAn awareness of connected speech features is essential to facilitate listening comprehension in an ESL learner. A lack of these features does not affect intelligibility drastically and the decision of how much (the degree) and when to convert the declarative knowledge to procedural knowledge should be left to the L2 learners. Jennifer Jenkins (2000) argues that the assimi latory process will be acquired naturally if learners distribute in their knowledge and control of the wrangle is sufficient to enable them to speed up the rate of their speech. Thus we understand that a learners acquisition of knowledge in one area would positively affect his instruction execution in another area, and that even though most if not all of this is eminently learnable with exposure to an L1 atmosphere, it is not always teachable. The criteria for teaching connected speech would be arrived at by observing the teachability- learnability scale. What the L2 learners need at this point could be a simulation of the maternal speech to children mothers alternate between clarified and falsify forms and this seems to enable the children to develop rules of correspondence between the model and distorted forms they will normally encounter (Ratner 1984). Exposing the L2 learners to both careful conversational speech and rapid colloquial speech could help them to understand the se varieties at a declarative level and thereby position them for a procedural development at their own pace.Indian learners of English (ILE) are unfamiliar with the connected speech feature assimilation. In my anecdotal experience I have noticed that the educated speakers in India (for that matter even the uneducated speakers) utter each word in a sentence almost as though they are articulated in isolation. This syllable clock articulation is carried forward even when they speak a stress timed language like English. This sign vexs problematic at the reception level as ILE listeners expect the same vocal and phonemic lucidness even when they are listening to English. Gillian Browns (1990) observation that an L2 listener suffers a devastating diminution of phonetic information, in such situations aptly summarises the confusion and panic they purport. So I cerebrate that L2 learners of English should be do familiar with the assimilation features, so that they can understand the content of the discussion/ interaction without having to decode language features each and every time. In my teaching practices I think I have been unconsciously followers the suggestions that Gillian Brown (1990) proposes I have already suggested that I do not approve of teaching students to produce assimilated forms and elided forms. Sophisticated students who have been taught to be aware of these forms will introduce them into their own speech in a natural context when they feel able to control themAssimilation becomes a problem at the takings level only when the L2 speakers interact with the L1 listeners, but thus L1 listeners are mostly aware of this difficulty of the L2 speakers and make necessary adjustments to their linguistic and emotional responses. As an L2 user and as a teacher I believe that a few words uttered painfully slow to achieve connected speech would do more confusion to the L1 speaker than a total absence of assimilatory/ connected speech features. bumpe r-to-bumper speech made to incorporate features of connected speech is reduced to gibberish (Crystal D. 19921999). One of the major arguments that outlive against this stand is that an absence of assimilatory features would prevent the L2 speakers from using intonation patterns and rhythm and would lead to loss of fluency. (Underhill A. 1994) and he suggests exposing ESL learners to rapid colloquial speech as a useful activity for improving listening comprehension.Even though elision is a feature that is present in most Indian languages, the Indian ESL learner may struggle to understand and participate in a conversation with an L1 speaker employing rapid colloquial speech. This is because elision is not a feature that is taught in Indian classrooms. Moreover, elision carries a certain social stigma among educated Indians and so they might actively resist adopting elision in their speech practices as well. Dropping sounds is equated with a lower social class and could also be interp reted as a sign of poor education.As with assimilation, elision can cause confusion at the reception level for the L2 listener, if he has always been exposed to correct and fully articulated speech. An L2 speaker trying to include elision in a slow speech would confuse the L1 listener. As demonstrated by Crystal in his experiment the sentence I wouldnt have been able to in fluent speech may become / wbmpnebl/. Spoken more slowly by a learner who is being further to use the various features of connected speech, it could come across like this / wbm p ne bl/,with each syllable being carefully articulated. In this case it would at best sound giddy and at worst would be rendered completely incomprehensible. (Jennifer Jenkins, 2000)Another contentious area is the teaching of weak forms. As pointed out by David Brazil (1994) the contradiction of focusing in the classroom on a feature whose quality is precisely the result of speakers not focusing on it. This pedagogic focus may then, para doxically, forget the later acquisition of weak forms in learning outside the classroom (Jennifer Jenkins, 2000). Jennifer Jenkins challenges the notion of the need to collapse an unimportant sound to highlight an important one and points out that if the important sounds are stressed then the meaning would become clear to the listener. Reading about this approach and thinking further on it has convert me that this is the way to go forward. The hours of drilling that I have been forcing on my students might have been counterproductive. I feel that this is another area where declarative knowledge should be allowed to mature to a procedural knowledge at the students own pace.Listening comprehension and thereby communication is enhanced by dissimilatory practices rather than assimilatory processes, as they give primary importance to the hearers needs by subordinating the speech strategies of a speaker.I would compose like to believe that the assimilatory features are what give the E nglish language its identity. But for learners at a transactional level with L1 speakers or with other L2 speakers conquering these features could be daunting and unnecessary for everyday communication. As David Crystal (1999) suggests The possibility of L2 learners becoming competent in both syllable and stress based speech and being able to shift effortlessly from one to other, depending on the need of the circumstance, either to proclaim a national identity or to improve international intelligibility, is not an improbability and that is what I would like to strive for and encourage my learners to aim for.

Swiss Style Typography History

Swiss Style report narrativeWhat is it a good pictural creation? Good in writing(predicate) introduction or make-up is like a taste. H altogethermark of the taste rests in sensitivity, from feelings. Every matchless has a different taste, but it is indispensable for everyone. pictorial externalise hammers on an equal basis. We argon non natural(p) with the right taste as wellhead as in that respect are no born masters of lifelike trope. All of them have to be every of them self educated. Perfect bright consist of umpteen elements, as a result of harmony.This magazine traces the growth of the good graphic design. It depicts non that the growth, but in whatsoever(prenominal) case a fountains who ruleed the stylus, the people and ideas that warpd them and the interest generations who were attracted to Swiss graphic design.This progressive, radical heading Swiss ardor in any case cognise as an multinational carriage, was originated in Switzerland in the 1920s . This call became illustrious beca practice session of very natural endowmented Swiss graphic designers. It emerged from Russian s Constructivism, Germany s De Stijl and Dadaism.The International Typographic Style, or Swiss Style, stirs to the graphic design exertion that evolved in Switzerland during the 1950s. Emphasizing clarity of in recoilation, the International Style propagated an aesthetical of objective photography in place of object lesson lopsidedal come out of elements on a modular grid system of rules sans- seriph typography such(prenominal) as Akzidenz Grotesk and flush left, ragged right configuration of text. Admired for its simple, clean, factual, and exceedingly structured approach to organizing and presenting in cultivateation.The magazine is divided into three p stratagems. P cunning genius shows the origins of the Swiss style, general information rough the style, political and social influences. The pas metre variance represents the ce ntral figures in this movement and the brisk typography.6 Swiss styleIn the ring armor war period, late design began more(prenominal) real with study of industrialized society. Switzerland bacame an appropriate site for growth of an International style, by means of the country s position in the centre of atomic number 63 and its political neutrality.However, Swiss style started to grow in later the origin World War in Europe. Henry van de Velde (1863 1957) was a famous Belgian architect and designer. He was withal one of the most roaring and important practitioners of the dodge Nouveau style. He was known as the starting signal gear Art Nouveau artist to run away in an abstract style and actual the innovation of the union of form and function. His idea was to bring art to industry. Van de Velde was the master(prenominal) graphic designer who influenced boyish Swiss designers. He was one of the founders of the enhancive arts school of Weimar. This school was youth fulr called the Bauhaus. In 1907 he knowing the pertly building of The School of Arts and Crafts and became the offset printing music director of this school. Among the teachers in that respect were Russian, Wassily Kandinsky, Swiss cap of Minnesota Klee and Johannes Itten. Young Swiss graphic designers attracted the school and many of them studied at the Bauhaus. The influence from the Bauhaus was apparent in muck flower (1908 1994) and Theo Ballmer (1902 1965) clips. Max saddle, a painter belonging to the concrete Art movement in Z rich applied mathematical systems for the organization of outer space to his graphic design field of study. A nonher style which had an effect for the growth of an International style was Constructivism. Constructivism art refers to the optimistic, non-representational relief construction, inscribe, kinetics and painting. The artists did not believe in abstract ideas, quite they tried to link art with concrete and literal ideas. Construct ivist art is committed to complete abstraction with a devotion to modernity, where themes are lots geometric, experimental and rarely emotional. El Lissitzky (1890 1941) was the briny represetatives of Russian Constructivism. He brought a rising Typography and photomontage to Switzerland. Lissitzky attended to the fundamental transformation of cognition of literature. From acoustic percept of the past became visible words. Optical character of the parvenue typography was defined in his bulk from 1923. His be given spaciously influenced the Swiss style. Not only Wassily Kandinsky and Paul Klle who were teachers at Bauhaus, but to a fault L szl Moholo Nagy (1895 1946) had notable position there. He had similar visual conception as Lissitzky. He was oriented in interaction of photography and text. Moholo Nagy perceived photography like an objective representation which can rescue obscurdity of words. He brought typography to question, he defined a spick-and-span revolutionary i dea typofoto combine of typography and photographic images.It is an objective form of representation based at princip of converse.Both of these movements influenced a new directions of art and development of graphic design.A hold up of modern graphic design Gefesselter Blick (Captured Glance) was published in Stuttgard in 1930. It was Sponzored by the Swiss Werkbund s Advertising Designers Circle. Design from 1920s yields were displayed in the book.. The book was edited by architects Heinz Rasch and Bodo Rasch. They rounded up a recreate of twenty sestet artists of the avant garde. Most of them were Germans (Werner Graef), three Swiss (Otto Baumberger, Max Bill and Walter Cylian), 2 Dutch (Paul Schutema, Piet Zwart), Russian (El Lissitzky), and Czech (Karel Teige). Even though, the Swiss were influenced by many styles, their own style became unique.Gefesselter Blick displays the origins and growth of the Swiss style. 8 swiss styleIn the first part of the magazine we introduc ed the origins and problems of the Swiss style in Graphic design. In this part we will mention the main artists, designers and propagonists of this movement.Ernst Keller (1931 2006) the father of Swiss design, was a graphic designer, artist and teacher. From 1918 and for four decades beforehand Keller taught a professional course in graphic design at the Kunstgewerbeschule Z rich (The Zurich School of Design) rejecting the notion of style in regard of design solutions derived from content. Keller was the most important single influence on the development of Swiss graphic design. The economically drawn images and inventive letter of his invoices knowing in the 1920s and untimely 1930s do an important section to Modernism. He mentored Armin Hofmann (fig. 1), Emil Ruder, and Joseph- pounder Brockman, all of whom were important figures in what became the International Typographic Style. importee of the International Typographic Style has been unfairly reduced to the aesthetic pr eferences unmixed in the outcomes of work by designers identified with the movement. To recognize its substance one postulate to study the specifics of its origin rooted in the curriculum developed at the Basel School of Design.One of the important figures of origins of the Swiss style was in addition Theo Ballmer (1902 1965). He was a designer, photographer and teacher. Ballmer studied at Bauhaus and at Kunstgewerbeschule in Zurich. He is known for his political beaks and expositions, using only simple images and lettering (fig. 4).Otto Baumberger (1889 1961) was one of the first Swiss who can be correctly set forth as a greenback designer. He designed more than 2 hundred posters, which helped to modernize the style. In its variety, Baumberger s work embodies and exemplifies the bill of Swiss poster art in the first half of the twentieth century, as the painterly artist poster gradually evolved toward graphically oriented embodied design.Max Bill was another Swiss graphic a rtist, industrial designer, architect, sculptor, and painter, in the first place important for his sophisticated, disciplined advertising designs. He studied at the Bauhaus until late 1920 s when he moved to Zurich where he became a teacher and select member of the Allianz host of graphic designers. Max Bill belonging to the Concrete Art movement in Z rich applied mathematical systems for the organization of space to his graphic design work.Herbert Matter was a innovator in the use of photomontage. His talented use of type earned him great supranational acclamation (fig.5). After working for the Swiss National tourer Office and Swiss resorts he moved to the United States in 1936 and started belief Photography at Yale University in 1952.12 swiss style was a spark advance German graphic designer who in addition exerted a strong influence on the Swiss school.Johannes Tzschichhold (Jan Tschichold) was born as a son of a Leipzig lettering artist and sign printer Franz Tzschichho ld and his wife Maria Zapff, in April 1902. His father s profession gave him an early introduction to the many forms of written scripts. Young Tschichold often helped his father and also attended a print museum in the Buchgewerbehaus ( arrest Industry Building) which were in the town. Consequently he had knowledges of typography from early age. Despite of his parents ideas, to have their son a professional art teacher, he decided to be educated as a lettering artist. bandage he studied (from 1919 to 1921) with Walter Tiemann, director of the Staatliche Akademie fur graphische Kunste und Buchgewerbe (Academy for Graphic Arts and Book production), he also attended courses in printmaking and bookbinding. Tschichold supported his preparation of the books of Edward Johnston (Calligraphy, nonfunctional Script and Applied Script) and Rudolf von Larisch (Study in Ornamental Writing) and piddled a number of calligraphic writings.Before leaving for Bauhas from 1921 to 1923 he worked in Leipzig as an assistant in inform courses of calligraphy at the Academy. In 1923 he became a freelancer designer in Leipzig. In the same year he visited Bauhaus order and influenced by the modern artists and designers Wassily Kandinsky (1866 1944) and L szl Moholo Nagy, he started to propagate a new visual thinking. It was an inversion in his actual invigoration. Soon, he was also introduced to the work of the Dutch graphic designer Piet Zwart 13 swiss styleexposition poster, 1937 While getting acquainted with work we can fall into overmaster of varied geometrics and simple effects. This poster looks like an absolutely pure compositors case of natural Typography. The design is simple and arithmetical.Tschichold, J. (1927) Napoleon Poster15 swiss style (1885 1977), and the Russian constructivists El Lisstzky. He worked with an assymetric composition, geometric shapes, the use of photography instead of object lessons and sans serif typefaces (fig. 11).In the light of my kno wledge, it was a juvenile assessment to consider the sans serif as the most suitable or even the most contemporary typeface. Jan Tschichold (Jong, Purvis, Le Coultre, Doubleday and Reichardt, 2008 19)Tschichold was so impressed by Soviet constructivism and Russian Revolution, that he changed his name to Iwan (or Ivan) Tschichold in 1923.Tschichold became an important figure in the new movement known as the New Typography. A first spectacular publication of these views, Elementare typographie (Elementary Typography) , appeared in a special October 1925 issue of the German magazine Typographische Mitteilungen (Typographic News). This was a kind of typographical manifest and ca employ an uproar in the world of design. In the book Tschichold described the new ideas on typographic design.artists and designers had various opinion at the publication. Lissitzky was delighted at the beautiful brochure. The book was received well at the Bauhaus, but the German constructivis reacted critica lly. Nevertheless, the book had an impact on the emerging design. The second bookThe purpose of the New Typography is functionality.The purpose of any typography is converse (the means of which are visualized).This communication has to appear in the shortest, simplest and most compelling form.For typography to serve social purposes, the inner form of the material employed must arrange the content whereas the outer form must register a relantionship amidst the different typographic means.upcountry organization means using as a couple of(prenominal) grassroots constituents as possible typefaces, numbers, signs, l ines from the type cases, and the typessetter. In the modern world focus on optics, the precise picture, i.e. photography, must be considered as a basic constituent of the New Typography. (Jong, Purvis, Le Coultre, Doubleday and Reichardt, 2008 39)16 swiss stylewas the most important, split neue Typographie (The New Typography) was published in 1928. This book explai ned the function and communication of the New Typography. The book was used as a handbook for printers and publishing firms and even at the Bauhaus. In a small A5 format he described a modern typography in a short essay. Tschichold inspired by the functional determination of Bauhaus, formulated the basics of the modern visual communication in which aesthetics of modern abstract art were combined unitedly with requirements for legibility, simplicity and subject information. His manifest the New Typography reflected the dynamism of life time, preferences of precision and clarity of sensatial visual. He preferred objective resources as the sans serif and geometric typeface (Grotesk), assymetric composition and whitespace. His book was widely read and passing influential as a major step in modern ideals. The book became the bible of every young typesetter.From 1927 until 1933 Tschichold constituted the New Typography in Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Switzerland and France. Becaus e of the influence of the Nazis in 1933 Tschichold submitted his registration to the Munich Meiterschule, to assume a teaching position at the new Hohere Graphische Fachschule der Stadt Berlin (Berlin Higher Vocanional School for Graphic Arts). Although Tschichold had a post in Berlin, he changed his mind and decided that he would rather stay in Munich. After the Nazi victory in defect 1933, Tschichold and his wife Edith were arrested and they were denounced as a Kulturbolshewist (cultural Bolshevists). Shortly after their arrest, they were released. Tschichold with Edith and their four year son immediately left Munich and on July 28, 1933 went to Basel in Switzerland. Their friend Hermann Kienzle, the director of the Allgemeine Gererbeschule (School of Arts and Crafts) in Basel,Poster for The Professional Photographer exhibition in Basel, 1938. A clear logic organization of the elements. The poster has geometrical structure, unyielding horizontal and vertical alignments. He used Akzidenz typeface (consended) and only lowercase.recommended Tschichold for a teaching post at the School of Arts and Crafts. Between 1933 and 1946, Tschichold produced many journal articles, in part due to monetary pressure.Two geezerhood after he had moved to Switzerland, he published the most important book Typographische Gestaltung (Typographic Design). At this time he began to work with more traditional typefaces and layout arrangements. This book was not only about the New Typography but also about use of photography as a design component. check to Eskilson (2007302) In this new book, Tschichold reiterated his support for the New Typography but also suggested that the assymetric, flush left layout was not only suitable design formula.Jan Tschichold was not only a typographer and a book designer. He was also poster designer. Before he left for Switzerland he had been makink posters for produce houses or some film posters. But his first large heraldic bearing was the poste r for Phoebus Palast cinema in 1927. It was the largest cinema in Germany. He weed for them posters, newspapers, advertisements and programs, we would called this as a corporate identity today. The other commisions were for the Volksverband fur celluloidkunst (People s Association for lease Art), or The exhibition Das Internationale Plakat.A poster is a comparatively independent area of graphic design, which is the most similar to creative art by using means of materialisation. The large format increases the effectiveness of communication of the poster. Tschichold tried to complete the primary concept by using of the principles of the New Typography, tokenishism and whitespace. His posters are organized into vertical and horizontal fields. He often worked with geometrical structure, each element is in plan type, spacing, colour, and even the meaning. In the organization of the elements, meanings are connected. Tschichold s poster designs rank among the finest in the history of graphic design. His background in typography permitted him to achieve preeminence with minimal means while consistently maintaining elegance and a maximum of expression.In the post war period, Tschichold worked for Penguin Books in London (fig. 14, 15, 16). This London s publishing looked for the best typographer and offered designers from Europe. Penguin,The New Typography, in its concern to satisfy the needs of our own period and to make sure that every single piece of printing is in harmony with the present Jan Tschichold (Jong, Purvis, Le Coultre, Doubleday and Reichardt, 2008 133)founded in 1935, was the first commercially successful paperback book company in Britain. (Eskilson, 2007 314) Penguin Books publisher Allen Lane and the famous English book printer Oliver Simon were suprised by Jan Tschichold s work. Tschichold established a fixed set of typographic standards, the Penguin compositions rules. He installed relentless typesetting rules and raised them to the formal le vel of the printing and publishing. These rules directed attention to side by side(p) composition, indenting, punctuation marks, spelling, capitals, small capitals, italics, folios, figures, references, footnotes, make up, and the printing plays and poetry. (Jong, Purvis, Le Coultre, Doubleday and Reichardt, 2008 269 270) In the few years spent working in London, Tschichold gained much respect and was named an honorary member of the London Double Crown Club, a selective group of English typographers and printers.In 1949 Tschichold felt that his work in Penguin was completed, it was the reason why he returned back to Switzeland.Between 1950 and 1954 he was an independent typographer in Basel. In 1955 Tschichold took a position as typographer at the Hoffmann-La Roche company in Basel.Jan Tschichold died on August 11, 1974, in Locarno, Switzerland.Josef M ller-Brockmann was a Swiss graphic designer. One of the leading graphic and typographic designer since the 1950s.Josef Muller was b orn on 9 May, 1914, in Rapperswill, Switzerland. His father Christian M ller had a successful career. His company CH. M ller Baugeschaft (building firm), employed dozens of men from Rapperswill and workers from abroad. Unfortunately, Christiann died two yers after his son was born, on 24 August, 1916. Mother of Josef was Ida M ller Shmucki a strong, independent woman. After her husband s death she became a widow woman at the age of thirty two. She stayed alone with eight children. Josef s talent emerged at the age of fourteen when attending high school. His teacher recognise his natural 25 swiss styleaptitude for drawing. Because of his mother s financial situation, Josef could not study at college. His older brother Paul (firstborn) was sent to university, although he was not as talented as his young brother. Then Josef move developing his illustration skills himself. Later an enthusiastic teacher at the Rapperswil Middle School recommended that Muller apply for an apprenticeshi p as a photographic retoucher. (Purcell, 2006 16) Muller spent only one month in a local printer s office than he left. He felt a need to continue with his artistic desires. The period between the world wars powerfully influenced M ller s development of art Tschichold s The New Typography and also the work of El Lissitzky or Otto Baumberger. M ller even advocated the opinion that Baumberger was the ingenious, unexcelled master of large, often monumental, picture speech communication with the minimum of illustrative and chromatic means he was the first and unsurpassed master of the objective informative poster. (Purcell, 2006 21)In 1931 M ller became an apprentice to the designer and advertising consultant of Alex Walter Diggelmann at Studio Diggelmann s Zurich offices.Although Josef M ller had the financial problem, in 1932 he was registered as a student at the University of Zurich and at the citys Kunstegewerbeschule. Josef went to the Keller s graphic class to ask him for entr ance to the class. Nevertheless, Ernst Keller had a serious class and threw him out. M ller was relentless and went to the school every day, and finally Keller allowed him to the course. The young student was delighted at the studies. He was interested in studies of painting, sculpture and design, anatomy, experiments in perpective, and studies of typography. In spite of that he was still unsure about his futurity direction. At the age of twenty M ller deemed advisable to establish himself, he would need to find a future work. At this time he replied to an offer to work as a designer for von Mauser Seeds Ltd. to hit a series of shop windows decorations. Josef M ller was convinced that his teachers Ernst Keller and Alfred Willimann strongly influenced him.In the era of World War II Josef M ller continued to work on the projects in Zurich, although he was a member of army. Because of the Switzerland position and its neutrality he was relatively calm. However, influenced by the anxi enty about Naciz, influenced by the Swiss population isolated from the rest of the world he began to investigate his work in depth and sought of merits of the case. During this period M ller met the violinist Verena Brockmann, his future wife. Together with her father, Professor Dr. Heinrich Brockmann Jerosch and architect Johann Albert Freytag, he found a system of form and function. The products of graphic design are compromise between form and function, consequently analogous to architecture. The form would follows the function. So graphic design did not have only function to inform but also an education mission to cultivate an everyday life of someone. During this period Josef married with Verena, he changed his name to M ller Brockmann. On 8 May 1945, M ller Brockmann, on with the rest of Europe, celebrated the end of war. (Purcell, 2006 51)Swiss designers reputedly confused graphic design and advertisement. Despite of the visual communication is closely associated with adve rtisement. Graphic design and advertisement are components of general questions for common visual communication. In the post war period M ller Brockmann focused on visual identity. For the first time he used advertisement for propagation of Hermes typewriter. Josef M ller Brockmann worked for Hermes for six years. The work for Hermes was influenced by surreal aesthetics as most of his work from this period for example Die Kleine Freiheit (small Munich theatre).As a young person I had no clear perception of my future I only knew that my professional career depended on my energy, self criticism, discipline, and permanent desire to learn.Josef Muller Brockmann(Purcell, 2006 11)Afterwards he switched the direction of his work and began to think about constructivism and international talking to. Nevertheless, instead of abstraction M ller Brockmann used to work with simplicity, geometric forms and to create a harmony of space similar to music. This harmony between art and music he firs tly used in commission for the poster for concert of Johann Sebastian Bach in 1950. The same principle was consequently used for Zurich Tonhalle posters. (fig. 23, 25). This transitional style abstract shape or drawn illustration still evoked his influences than the international Swiss style. M ller Brockmann continued with work for Zurich Concert Hall for more than twenty five years. He has modernized his style in 1953 for exhibition poster actd Das Plakat (fig. 24). The commission consists of six posters, each one was a single letter of the exhibition title P , L , A , K , A , T . Each letter was given to different designers such as Hans Falk, Adolf Fl ckiger, and Celestino Piatti. M ller Brockmann made T , he underlined his illustration by using light. The title of the exhibition is in Akzidenz Grotesk typeface, placed in the highlited T. He used capital letters for both words of Das Plakat. Information about the interruption times and dates are vertically down the main strok e. M ller Brockmann did not use only illustrations but he exposed these two images (illustrations) in the darkroom, photo its and retouched the protography.In 1952 he designed public signage for the Swiss railroad car Club Accidens Gauge. This Accident Gauge was installed on the Paradeplatz in Zurich, where it warned of the hazards of driving by presenting a numerical summary that highlighted each week s organic automobile related accidents and deaths. It was designed and constructed in an abstract three dimensional designs influenced by Russian Constructivistics in the 1920s. (Eskilson S. J. , 2007 303) M ller Brockmann made also an excelent use of Akzidenz Grotesk. This typeface is actually appropriate for this kind of advertisement the numerical statistics without emotions. Josef M ller Brockmann also collaborated with Automobile club of Switzerland for a poster design that would refer to padestrians, cyclists and drivers in one traffic (fig. 18, 21). These posters have wonder ful use of perspective, the xanthous road urge the situation figured at the poster it made it effective. Brockmann worked with E. A. Heiniger on most of the Automobile Club of Switzerland posters. M ller Brockmann continued to create unconventional designs for them for several years.M ller Brockmann s geniuses grew in and through the years he became a modernist. For the Zurich Concert Hall posters he used all lowercase for the text and geometric abstract forms instead of the illustrations. Beethoven poster (fig.26) for the Zurich Tonhalle represents the epitome of the Swiss style curves and asymmetry. By the 1950s, he was established as the leading practitioner and theorist of the Swiss Style, which sought a prevalent graphic expression through a grid-based design purged of extraneous illustration and subjective feeling. His Musica viva (fig. 20, 27) poster series for the Zurich Tonhalle drew on the language of Constructivism to create a visual correlative to the structural harmon ies of the music.In 1960 M ller Brockmann designed a typographic poster for exhibition at the Zurich Kunstgewerbemuseum, der Film (fig. 28). It is perharps one of his most celebrated designs. The poster type and space overhaul in an inventive and original manner.The grid system is used by typographer, graphic designer, photographer and exhibition designer for solving visual problems in two and three dimensions.(Brockmann, 2001 13)34 swiss styleOne important part of the Swiss Style is its remarkable use of photography. Following the modernist ideas in which photography was a much better tool to portray reality than drawings and illustrations, the Neue grafik magazine, a very important Swiss graphic design publication at the time, dedicated a big part of its content to photography and its exertion in design.tem. The grid system allowed him to organize his subject matter to create more effective design, not to be overwhelmed by the seeming madhouse and complexity of design decision s. The predecessor of this system was Piet Mondrian, the grid is often recognised in his paintings. His compositions are composed of horizontal and vertical lines and rectangular planes. agree to M ller Brockmann the grid system is about structure and mathematical thinking. This is the expression of a professional ethos the designer s work should have the intelligibly intelligible, objective, functional and aesthetics quality of mathematical thinking. (Brockmann, 2001 10)M ller Brockmann was a prof of graphic design at the Kunstgewerbeschule, Zurich from 1957 to 1960. Later he was a design consultant to IBM Europe from 1967 1988. He published various books about his work and won a lot of awards. He is the author of The Graphic Artist and his Design Problems (1961), annals of Visual Communication (1981) or A History of the Poster. He also founded the Muller-Brockmann Co advertising agency in 1967, changeless until 1984.The new typographyThe New Typography came about as a reacti on to the communication credos of Modernism which called for designs to be timeless minimal and geometric.The first principles of the New Typography appeared in Merz magazine in 1923. El Lissitzky promoted there more dynamic typography. In his work El Lissitzky pioneered a new approach to typographic art which had a huge impact upon graphic design. Lasl Moholo Nagy supported in addition typophoto, phototext too. At the same time as typophoto, Moholo Nagy introduced the idea of the photograph not only as illustration but, alternatively, as phototext , replacing words, as an unambiguous form of representation, which in its objectivity (Sachlichkeit) leaves no room for personal accidental interpretation. (Hollis, 2006 40) In both Lissitzky and Laszlo Moholy-Nagy we see furiousness placed upon the element of expression the expression of content through form.In contrast, Jan Tschichold was more concerned with order and organization. He used sans serif type, asymmetric compositions, th e benefits of white space and the limiting of typefaces. Tschichold in his book, earlier mentioned, Die neue Typographie (The New Typography) formulated the basics of these rules and modern visual communication, influenced by functional disregard of Bauhaus. Many of these principles of the New Typography are explained in this book. He introduced a theoretical look at typography devoid of concerns for printing practicality. These principles were also presented at the exhibitions in Switzerland, where it came to subconsciousness of audience. It was Tschichold who acted as a guide to a typographic practise which followed the demand for a new unity of art and technology. (Hollis, 2006 38) Tschichold denote in his book a new sans-serif typeface as Akzidenz Grotesk (now known as Helvetica). Tschichold reiterates that clarity is the highest goal and Akzidenz Grotesk has this clarity. This typeface became the 39 swiss stylemost common for the New Typography and later for Swiss graphic de sign and the International Style. In fact, when Jan Tschichold wrote Die neue Typographie, he ignored any use of non sans-serif typefaces. With this philosophy, graphic designers were aiming the clarity, simplicity and universality. The Swiss Style advocates that the typeface does not have to be expressive in itself, it must be an unobtrusive instrument of expression.Helvetica was created in 1953 by Miedinger with Eduard Hoffmann at the Haas sche Schriftgiesserei (Haas type foundry) of M nchenstein, Switzerland. Haas designed a new sans-serif typeface that could compete with Akzidenz Grotesk in the Swiss market. Originally called Neue Haas Grotesk, the typefaces name was changed by Haas German parent company Stempel in 1960 to Helvetica derived from Confederatio Helvetica, the Latin name for Switzerland in order to make it more marketable internationally. Helvetica became the most widely used sans-serif typefaces ever. Akzidenz Grotesk was performed by Max Bill and Josef M ller Broc kmann throughout their careers.Designer Paul Renner, while calculative his typeface Futura, relied heavily on precise drafting tools such as the compass, T-square and the triangle. This allowed Renner to escape the traditional methods of type design in favor of the rigidity of mechanical constructions. Geometrical Futura was the next popular choice for graphic designers.The Swiss typographer Adrian Frutiger was one of the most prominent typeface designers ever generally because of his famous typeface Univers. He studied calligraphy at the Z rich Kunstgewerbeschule. His interest in sculpture helped construct his style as

What Islam Bestows To Humanity Religion Essay

What Islam Bestows To homosexual race Religion EssayABSTRACTHumanity pick outs Islam for its facial expressionual transformation. It inescapably Islam to live happily and victor richly in this life story. It unavoidably Islam to find repurchase in the life to come. Islam is the theology of the line up and it guides to tout ensemble that is good.WHAT ISLAM BESTOWS TO HUMANITY?Al close to alone moral or spectral reform revival movements prior to Islam emerged as reactions against existing orders. This explains as to w presentfore they were one-sided failed to address every(prenominal) aspect of gay life. For example, Taoism-a Chinese variate of mysticism- taught a corrupt and vice-ridden China to neglect material pleasures. Confucianism-a middle of the exclusivelyey approach- was inappropriate to these principles and c bothed upon those who had retreated to monasteries to seek spiritual purification and individual pietism in and finished the thicks of life to establish a utter(a) state of matter and live a sociable life among the populate. Indias vast fertile pour down was invaded several durations, which ca black-and-blue plagued its trusts to become very mystical. In addition, asceticism grew as a reaction against the previously prevalent luxury and debauchery.1Likewise Judaism was heavily this materialistic in its approach. delivererianity, on the opposite attain, particularly in the beginning, developed in addition much as an former(a)wise human racely piety. It was a divine revelation, as deliveryman Christ himself emphasized, for a particular nation at a particular time and in particular circumstances, and so was non the final and complete cleric essence.2Only Muhammad (PBUH) emerged a the last vaticinator of idol to reveal His true statement. ahead this, polytheism and other variants of dis whimsy were prevalent al or so of benignantity did non desire in God, exactly if associated other gods with Him.3As mint measured non God with His true up measure4, some believed that He had a give-and-take darn others erroneously considered the angels to be His daughters.5The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) revealed the truth somewhat God and uncompromisingly emphasized His oneness Unity. With him, God arrant(a)ed His religion and say that the true religion with Him is Islam6and so, whoso desires another religion than Islam, it sh all not be judge of him and in the next world he shall be among the losers7. God revealed that the cognitive content , the prophet of islam, brought was universal,8that he spoke only what was revealed to him, and that he did not direct on his own authority. We appointed for you a Messenger from among you so that he testamenting recite to you Our signs, purify you, and t separately you the Book, wisdom, and what you do not live.9 much(prenominal) facts were foretold by Jesus10and mentioned in the Quran11. Only purified souls rat riding habit science and techno logy to benefit sympatheticity. If this fact is ignored, such noesis can lead to death distruction as we witnessed in the twentieth century. Only purified souls adepty conversant with science and technology can lead benevolentity to ward true happiness here and salvation in the here later.12Any religion or system that lacks the principles of spiritual purity or the conditions of a virtuous social life cannot provide true happiness. As will be explained, Islam provides a complete focus for our lives here and in the hereafter. Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was displace as the blessing for all the worlds, and so there is no need to re in the altogether the Divine message by another Prophet-so long as we hold the eternal and uncorrupted Quran,13 Sunnah of the prophet (PBUH).Islam presents for mankind an equitable, on the dot and complete system of life, for while it exalts the human spirit and prescribes ideal ethical and spiritual principles for man, it does not deny the importan ce of the material aspect of his life either.14It is rather a comprehensive office of life, spiritually and materially, in the scruples of the individual as headspring as in the behaviour of the society, and includes the principles of social fulls and obligations in all dealings, whether they pertain to economics, politics or to international relations.15 roughly hatful contend that Islam, now 1,400 years old, is obsolete and outmoded and, that new focusing is required. Such an assertion is totally unfounded, for Islam was revealed by God as an eternal final message of God to human kind. Further, the Quran assures us that not only the Quran was revealed by God Almighty only it would also be presented by Him. Those who think that Islam has had its sway once, and now it is ineffective to attempt its rebirth, be labouring under terrible mis inventionion. The effervescence of its wave-is alleviate curling the waters as the consequences of the Islamic r development ar by no means exhausted. Islam is destined to prevail over all other religions. And this assertion expectation of Quran is insofar to be materialized in full. It will be realized nonetheless-with us o without us is a furcate question.Moreover, Islam is addressed to immanent human spirit, so long as his nature remains the like the guidance remain operative effective. It is a moderne illusion that everything is subject to change. Human nature show a graceful balance amongst elements of permanence and change Outward forms change, while thoroughgoing principles, basic values, and essential human nature and needs do not.16Islam is the only religion that embraces all dimensions of life and possesses an established method that leave behinds for the perennial evolution of human society in accordance with lifes fundamental principles and permanent values.17It is an candidate which manifests itself in all shades of human behaviour. Thus the Islamic concept of social, political and mora l order is more concrete and tangible than of all other religion.18HUMANITYThe Islamic concept of religion as a complete code of life has in fact spiritualized all aspects of human existence. It was hitherto thought that the spirit and matter atomic number 18 entities essentially opposed to each other. Religion is concerned only with the soul and has zippo to do with mundane activities of human dead dust which gravitate him towards evil. The depravity of human nature, peculiarly the supposed essential evil of the body, led to the absolute suppression of the undivided sensual side of man. The idea of a religious man was that of an highly detached , unsocial being. To flee from the social order, and take up the caveman life is the presupposition of salvation. It is in absolute loneliness, isolated from all other human beings that the religious and pious man stands face to face with himself and with Allah.Each somebody is composed of three parts-spirit, mind and body. Each of th ese needs to be satisfied. They ar so interrelated, and their needs atomic number 18 so different, that neglecting one results in our weakness to attain perfection.19As we read in the Quran Fair in the eyes of men is the love of what they covet women, children, stored-up heaps of gold and silver, horses of mark, oxen and tillage.20Our physical make-up and individual characteristics produce certain inclinations, and we can incomplete avoid satisfying these lusts implanted in us by the evidence nor be able to get rid of them. This does not mean that multitude attempting to satisfy their lusts atomic number 18 free to do as they please or cannot overcome their inclinations. On the contrary, this means that we can change our inclinations by utilization our free will, and can control our lust, anger, and other emotions and then use them to act ourselves along the path of perfection and wisdom.21Islamic attitude towards the physical needs of a man can be well judged from the attach toing Hadith. It is narrated on the authority of Abdullah b. Amr b. alAs that he was once asked by the holy Prophet (PBUH) whether it was correct that he observed closes during the days and spend nights standing in petitioner. Abdullah affirmed that. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) observed Dont do that. Keep fast at times and break at times, offer prayer and go to bed also. Your body has a indemnify upon you, your eyes dumbfound a right upon you, your wife has a right upon you, and your guests have also a right upon you.22Just as our physical body has its own pleasures and pains, our spirit has its own joys and ailments as well. Sickness hurts the body, while the physical well-being, health, and whatever is in harmony with its nature gives it pleasure. As for the spirit, its pleasures and diseases depend on whether or not the carnal soul has been purified.23All of us want to reach happiness. The almost consummate happiness is to embody and manifest the Divine Attributes and cha racteristics. The soul of a truly happy person develops by knowing and loving God.24 unfeigned happiness cannot be reached or retained unless all of the souls faculties and powers ar purified and reformed.25 partial(p) or temporary Reform or purification will not result in true happiness. Just as a body can be considered healthy only when all of its limbs and organs are healthy, people can attain perfect happiness only when freed from all evil-commanding animal passions preventing their ascension to higher realms.26Islam does not subscribe to soul-body dualism. Physical urges are an integral part of mans nature not the result of the original sin, and therefore the demand of their burial is unnatural fraught with unnatural problems. Islam stands for their transformation, education gentility in order to redirect them to better ends and ideals. source left to itself could be barren impotent. It requires the concurrence of passions to be operative effective. The order that Islam r ecommends is that our passions should be sub-ordinated to reason while reason should be point by revelation. We should never allow the passions to run wild. Piety in Islam does not consist in suppressing the demands of the body it aims at coordinating them with the demands of the spirit in such a way that life might become full and righteous. The Muslims have been asked not to inhibit themselves the use of the bounties of Allah.27Say who has forbidden the beautiful gifts of Allah, which He has brought forth for His servants? And the things, clear(p) and pure, which He has provided for sustenance. My Lord forbids only indecencies such of them as are bare and such as are concealed and sin and highhandedness without justice, and that ye associate with Allah that for which He has not sent down any authority and that you say of Allah what you know not.28Self Purification does not mean eliminating desires and anger or destroying our reproductive instincts and capacity for self-defenc e, for such abilities are essential for our survival continued existence. For example, we are endowed with intellect to see the distinction between the devil the Devine. And we are endowed with freedom so that we could choose either of the two.Islam does not convict outright the appetites of man it justifies them to the extent where a man can roam restraint upon them and control them according to the moral sensibleness and thus use them for spiritual development.29O you apostles Eat of things that are good and do what is right of your good things I am cognizant.30We must express our powers and faculties in a balanced and moderate way so that they can commit their functions straight-lacedly. better and training the intellect brings knowledge and wisdom, purging anger draws courage and forbearance, and purifying passions and desires develop chastity. The moral virtues acquired by those moving toward perfection and the realization of true happiness are wisdom, courage, and ch astity.31Our earthly life covers social, political, and economic aspects as well as spiritual ones. Our worldly nature presses us to be docile to our desires. History testifies that when the power seekers finally do attain power, they turn to dictatorship oppression and enslave the poor and the weak. On the other hand, God is All-Just and never approves of wrong and oppression. Thus the religion He revealed must-demands that our rulers must be conscious of the Day of Judgment. They must be fair just avoid rigor oppression.32Muslims believe that the Quran is the word of God (Allah) as revealed to the Prophet Muhammad ( quiescence and blessings be upon him). It serves as the source of the Muslim world vision together with the Hadith and Sunnah and contains all the guidance that we require to lead a good life, both as individuals as members of an Islamic state.33WHAT ISLAM OFFERS TO HUMANITY?Humanity needs Islam for its spiritual transformation. It needs Islam to live happily and successfully in this life. It needs Islam to find salvation in the life to come. Islam is the religion of truth and it guides to all that is good. The Quran has mentioned in three placesIt is He Who has sent His Messenger with Guidance and the Religion of Truth, to invigorate it over all religion, even though the Pagans may detest (it). (al-Tawbah 933 see also al-Fath 4828 al-Saff 619). The truth is also called Al-Ilm or knowledge which is the opposite of Al-Zann (the hypothesis) Allah says that most people follow conjectures (al-zann) or wild speculations.Were you to follow the common run of those on earth, they will lead you away from the Way of Allah. They follow nothing but conjecture they do nothing but surmise.34These are nothing but call which you have devised you and your fathers for which Allah has sent down no authority (whatever). They follow nothing but conjecture and what their own souls desire And indeed there has already come to them Guidance from their Lord .35But they have no knowledge about it. They follow nothing but conjecture and conjecture avails nothing against Truth.36When people do not follow Allahs guidance (al-Huda) they end up in shift and go astray (al-dhalal). They wander. Today the humanity is in error (al-dhalal). There is corruption every where. There are those who do not know what is wrong and there are those who know what is wrong but they do wrong things. There are those who know what is right and they do not do right things. The whole world is sick with godlessness, immorality, racism, violence, injustice and oppression. The humanity needs Gods guidance. We human beings have mind, soul and body. We live as individuals and in families and communities. We are confronted with life and death. We need a religion that satisfies all our needs and answers all our questions and queries.Islam, if put to practice, satisfies our minds and souls and takes care of our physical needs. Islam, if translated into actions, brings ba lance between our individual needs and our social and incarnate concerns. Islam, if our profession is put to practice, provides success, gratification and happiness in this life and salvation in the eternal life.Islam is the religion that is based on the true natural disposition or Fitrah of human beings. Islam culminates in the most authentic form the same religion that Allah gave to all His Prophets and Messengers. In brief Islam offers to humanityA clear, simple, sound and profound tone system and Guidance.A balanced action plan, with clear principles that are adapted for all times and places.A universal outlook with a ecumenic community of believers and brotherhood of the faithful.A clear and practical vision for success and happiness in here and salvation in the Hereafter. Let us elaborate these points a little further.A clear, simple, sound and profound belief system and Guidancea- Oneness of Allah This is the most logical, rational and spiritual belief. It is simple, yet ultimate truth and desire of all human beings. Islam teaches that Allah is One, the Lord, Master, Creator with Most Beautiful Names and Attributes.b- The Message of Islam is presented in a Book, the Quran. This book is most authentic. Nothing in this Book is falsified with the advancement of science technology or our knowledge in general. Its message is clear and always fresh and contemporary.c- With the message and the Book there is a human personality who is not mythic but historical. He was the ideal human being who lived the message and presented it to the people in the most beautiful and loving way.Islam is Allahs guidance it is He who has guided us to this way. Guidance is one of the most important themes of the Quran.The Quran tells us that Allah created everything and He has guided everything Our Lord is He Who gave to each (created) thing its form, and further, He gave (it) guidance.37Glorify the name of your Lord, Most High, Who created, then shaped in proper proportion and he determined the way, then He granted guidance. (al-Ala 871-3)38Allah has guided every thing by fixing its nature and ability. To human beings he also granted moral and spiritual guidance through His Prophets and Messengers.Islamic guidance is for all humanity. Allahs guidance is for all people, in all places and at all times. Islam is the way to which Allah guided all human beings. This religion did not begin with Prophet Muhammad -peace be upon him. Islamic guidance is the same that came with the first couple of humanity when they arrived on this earth. When Allah sent Adam and even to this earth He told them We said Get down you all from here and if, as is sure, there comes to you guidance from Me, whosoever follows My guidance, on them shall be no fear, nor shall they grieve.39Messengers and Prophets of Allah at different times and in different parts of the world trustworthy this guidance. This same guidance came to Noah, to Abraham, to Moses and to Jesus and then finally it came to Prophet Muhammad -peace be upon him and upon all the Prophets and Messengers of Allah. Allah saysThat was the reasoning about Us, which We gave to Abraham (to use) against his people We raise whom We will, degree after degree for your Lord is full of wisdom and knowledge. We gave him Isaac and Jacob all (three) We guided and in the first place him, We guided Noah, and among his progeny, David, Solomon, Job, Joseph, Moses and Aaron thus do We reward those who do good And Zakariya and John, and Jesus and Elias all in the ranks of the Righteous And Ismail and Elisha, and Jonah, and Lot and to all We gave favor in a higher place the nations (To them) and to their fathers, and progeny and brethren We chose them, and We guided them to a straight Way. This is the Guidance of Allah He gives that guidance to whom He pleases of His servants. If they were to join other gods with Him, all that they did would be vain for them. These were those whom We gave the Book, and Authority, and Prophethood if these (their descendants) lower them, behold We shall entrust their charge to a new People who obviate them not. Those were the (prophets) who received Allahs guidance follow the guidance they received say No reward for this do I ask of you this is not but a reminder for the worlds.40Allah has given us many sources for guidance.Five senses sight, hearing, taste, smell, touch all these guide us in our life and help us a great deal. It may be observed that the Quran has emphasized the eyes, the ears, the hand heart as the main sources of knowledge. Eyes stand for observational falsifiable knowledge. Our ears stand for collective heritage of human kind. Our head is the source while our knowledge matures we draw inferences for the future. Heart is the recipient of wisdom values. It is the core of our being.Reason It is a gift of Allah. He gave human beings reason (Aql) and made the Aql as a condition for all responsibilities. Reason and intellect help us in fi nding the right direction.Intuition Sometime we know things and are guided by our instincts feelings without using senses or reason.Revelation This is the supreme and perfect source of guidance. It is a special gift of Allah that He gave to humanity through His chosen beings people who were the Prophets of Allah.In Islam all these sources are recognized and respected. We convey Allah for our senses and consider them Allahs gifts. Islam is not against reason. Reason and revelation are not inversely contradictory but are mutually complimentary in Islam. accomplishment and religion are also not incompatible in Islam. Islam does not say that we should suspend reason or dismiss science in order to become good believers. However, Islam does emphasize that our senses, our reason, and our intuitions or instincts though necessity are not sufficient sources to guide us. We need divine revelation Prophetic guidance. Reason by itself, without the guidance of revelation, is prone to commit errors. Reason, senses or intuitions cannot guide us in metaphysical eschatological matters, which provide us the true anchorage to our moral spiritual life.We need divine guidance. Allahs guidance is the real guidanceSay The Guidance of Allah, that is the (true) Guidance. Were you to follow their desires- after the knowledge which has reached you,- then you would find neither Protector nor Helper against Allah.41Balanced performance PlanThis action plan takes care of the individual, family and society. Its guidance is comprehensive, practical and balanced. It guidesa- In the matters of worship to establish deep and loving relationship with Allah.b- In moral philosophy and morality it teaches discipline, moderation, virtue and goodness.c- Laws and rules it gives rules that are practical, dynamic and progressive. The rules are not rigid. They are practical and their purpose is not to burden us but to check guide us.Islamic law gives us the knowledge, of our fundamental righ ts and obligations and of what is good and speculative for humanity on the individual and collective levels. Thus the Islamic view of life consists of a set of rights and obligations by which Muslims are expected to follow. mostly speaking, Islamic law deals with our life in terms of our relationship with our Creator, ourselves (our rights upon ourselves), other people, and our natural environment (the rights of the resources that God has given to us for our benefit).42Muslims are urged to perform their daily prayers in congregation, and must do the same for the Friday noon congregational prayer. This creates a bond of love and mutual understanding, arouses a sense of collective unity, fosters a collective purpose, and inculcates a deep feeling of brotherhood and sisterhood. Prayers are a symbol of equality, for poor and rich, low and high, rulers and ruled, educated and uneducated, black and white all stand in rows and prostrate before their Lord. Furthermore, this gives a virile sense of collective discipline and obedience to the communitys leader. Prayers train Muslims in those virtues that engender the development of a rich individual and collective life.43Islam regards human beings as Gods vicegerents and cannot tolerate the degradation brought on by their submission to humiliation or oppression, for Islam is the real way to freedom and liberation. It invites people to attempt against oppression and tyranny for their freedom and dignity. By prostrating before God, Muslims declare that they bow to no other power. Islam forbids serfdom promises universal freedom, independence in thought, action, property, and religion and safeguards a persons integrity, honor, and dignity.44Islam frees people from their lusts so that sensual pleasure does not tempt and corrupt them. devour intoxicants and engaging in gambling, nightclubs, mixed social activities, overspending, conspicuous consumption, arrogance, greed, and so on are all humiliating factors that destroy a persons honor and dignity. Colonialists and imperialists employ such practices to enslave Muslims and many other peoples. Only the daily prayer and other forms of worship, such as alms-giving (zakat), inculcate the will to struggle against self-degradation.45Universal OutlookIslam is not racist or ethnocentric. It teaches that all human beings are equal. It removes the barriers of nationalism, color, caste or language. It is against all discriminations and prejudices. It teaches justice for all people. It teaches peace and tolerance, freedom of opinion and expression. Islam establishes a worldwide community of faith and brotherhood.Islam is a word derived from the root words Silm and Salamah. It means surrendering, guiding to peace and contentment, and establishing protective covering and accord.Islam is a religion of security, safety, and peace. These principles permeate the lives of Muslims. When Muslims stand to pray, they cut their connection with this world, act to their Lord in faith and obedience, and standing at attention in His presence. Completing the prayer, as if they were returning back to life, they greet those on their right and left by wishing peace Remain safe and in peace. With a wish for safety and security, peace and contentment, they return to the ordinary world once again.Greeting and wishing safety and security for others is considered one of the most beneficial acts in Islam. When asked which act in Islam is the most beneficial, the Prophet (PBUH) replied, nutrition others and greeting those you know and those you do not know.How unfortunate it is that Islam, which is based on this understanding and spirit, is shown by some circles to be synonymous with terrorism. This is a grave historical mistake wrapping a system based on safety and trust in a veil of terrorism just shows that the spirit of Islam remains unknown. If one were to seek the true face of Islam in its own sources, history, and true representatives, then one would di scover that it contains no harshness, cruelty, or fanaticism. It is a religion of forgiveness, pardon, and tolerance, as such saints and princes of love and tolerance as Rumi, Yunus Emre, Ahmed Yesevi, Bedizzaman46and many others have so beautifully expressed. They spent their lives preaching tolerance, and each became a legend in his own time as an material body of love and tolerance.Jihad can be a matter of self-defense or of removing obstacles between God and human free choice. Our history is full of examples that show how this principle has been implemented in life.Of course there are and should be occasions where war is unavoidable. However, the Quranic verses on jihad that were revealed for particular conditions have been generalized by some short-sighted individuals. Whereas in actual fact war is a matter of secondary importance, it has been given priority as an essential iss